I-graphite iyi-allotrope ye-elemental carbon, lapho i-athomu yekhabhoni ngayinye izungezwe amanye ama-athomu ekhabhoni amathathu (ahlelwe ngekhekheba lezinyosi njengephethini enamaheksagoni amaningi) ahlanganiswe ngokuhlanganyela ukuze akhe ama-molecule ahlangene.

I-graphite inezindawo ezikhethekile ezilandelayo ngenxa yesakhiwo sayo esikhethekile:

I-1) Ukumelana nokushisa okuphezulu: Indawo encibilikayo yegraphite ingu-3850 ± 50 ℃, futhi indawo yokubilisa ingu-4250 ℃.Ngisho nangemva kokushiswa i-arc yokushisa kwe-ultra-high, ukulahlekelwa kwesisindo kuncane kakhulu, futhi i-coefficient yokwanda okushisayo nayo incane kakhulu.Amandla egraphite akhuphuka ngezinga lokushisa, futhi ngo-2000 ℃, amandla egraphite aphinda kabili.

I-2) I-Conductivity kanye ne-thermal conductivity: I-conductivity ye-graphite iphakeme ngokuphindwe kayikhulu kunaleyo yamaminerali angewona ezensimbi jikelele.I-thermal conductivity idlula leyo yezinto zensimbi ezifana nensimbi, insimbi, nomthofu.I-conductivity eshisayo iyancipha ngokukhuphuka kwezinga lokushisa, futhi ngisho namazinga okushisa aphezulu kakhulu, i-graphite iba isivikeli.I-graphite ingahambisa ugesi ngoba i-athomu yekhabhoni ngayinye ku-graphite yakha kuphela izibopho ezintathu ze-covalent namanye ama-athomu ekhabhoni, futhi i-athomu yekhabhoni ngayinye isagcina i-electron eyodwa yamahhala ukuze idlulise izinkokhiso.

3) I-Lubricity: Ukusebenza kokugcoba kwe-graphite kuncike kusayizi wama-graphite flakes.Uma ama-flakes emakhulu, i-coefficient ye-friction iba mancane, kanye nokusebenza okungcono kokugcotshwa.

I-4) Ukuzinza kwamakhemikhali: I-graphite inokusimama okuhle kwamakhemikhali ekamelweni lokushisa, futhi ingamelana ne-asidi, i-alkali, nokugqwala kwe-solvent ye-organic.

I-5) Ipulasitiki: I-graphite inokuqina okuhle futhi ingagaywa ibe amashidi amancane kakhulu.

I-6) Ukumelana nokushaqeka okushisayo: I-graphite ingakwazi ukumelana nezinguquko ezishisayo zokushisa ngaphandle kokulimala lapho isetshenziswa ekamelweni lokushisa.Lapho izinga lokushisa lishintsha ngokuzumayo, umthamo we-graphite awushintshi kakhulu futhi ngeke uqhekeke.

Ukusetshenziswa:
1. Isetshenziswa njengezinto eziphikisayo: I-graphite nemikhiqizo yayo inezici zokumelana nokushisa okuphezulu namandla aphezulu.Zisetshenziswa kakhulu embonini ye-metallurgical ukwenza izinsimbi ze-graphite.Ekwenziweni kwensimbi, i-graphite ivamise ukusetshenziswa njenge-ejenti evikelayo yezinsimbi zensimbi nanjengolwelwesi lwezithando zensimbi.

2. Njengempahla eqhubayo: esetshenziswa embonini kagesi ukwenza ama-electrode, amabhulashi, ama-carbon rod, amashubhu ekhabhoni, ama-electrode aqondile we-mercury rectifiers, ama-graphite gaskets, izingxenye zocingo, okokumboza amashubhu kamabonakude, njll.

3. Njengento yokugcoba engagugi: I-graphite ivamise ukusetshenziswa njengesithambiso embonini yemishini.Amafutha okugcoba ngokuvamile awakwazi ukusetshenziswa ngaphansi kwesivinini esikhulu, izinga lokushisa eliphezulu, nezimo zengcindezi ephezulu, kuyilapho izinto ezikwazi ukumelana ne-graphite zingasebenza ngaphandle kokugcoba uwoyela ngesivinini esikhulu sokushelela emazingeni okushisa angama-200-2000 ℃.Imishini eminingi ethutha imidiya ebolayo isebenzisa kabanzi izinto ze-graphite ukwenza izinkomishi ze-piston, izindandatho zokuvala, nama-bearings, okungadingi ukungezwa kwamafutha okugcoba ngesikhathi sokusebenza.I-emulsion ye-graphite iphinde ibe yi-lubricant enhle yokucubungula insimbi eminingi (umdwebo wocingo, umdwebo weshubhu).
4. I-graphite inokusimama okuhle kwamakhemikhali.I-graphite ecutshungulwe ngokukhethekile, enezici ezinjengokumelana nokugqwala, ukuguquguquka okuhle kokushisa, nokungena kancane, isetshenziswa kabanzi ekukhiqizeni izishintshisi zokushisa, amathangi okusabela, ama-condensers, imibhoshongo evuthayo, imibhoshongo yokumuncwa, ama-coolers, izifudumezi, izihlungi, nemishini yokupompa.Isetshenziswa kakhulu emikhakheni yezimboni efana ne-petrochemicals, i-hydrometallurgy, ukukhiqizwa kwe-asidi-base, imicu yokwenziwa, kanye nokwenza iphepha, ingasindisa inani elikhulu lezinto zensimbi.

Izinhlobonhlobo zama-graphite angangenisi ziyahlukahluka ekuphikisweni kokugqwala ngenxa yama-resin ahlukene aqukethe.Ama-Phenolic resin impregnators awakwazi ukumelana ne-asidi kodwa awakwazi ukumelana ne-alkali;I-Furfuryl alcohol resin impregnators kokubili i-asidi ne-alkali ukumelana.Ukumelana nokushisa kwezinhlobo ezahlukene nakho kuyahlukahluka: i-carbon ne-graphite ingakwazi ukumelana ne-2000-3000 ℃ endaweni yokunciphisa, futhi iqale u-oxidize ku-350 ℃ no-400 ℃ endaweni ye-oxidizing, ngokulandelana;Izinhlobonhlobo ze-graphite engangenisi ziyahlukahluka nge-ejenti emithayo, futhi ngokuvamile ayikwazi ukumelana nokushisa kuze kube ngaphansi kuka-180 ℃ ngokumithisa nge-phenolic noma i-furfuryl alcohol.

5. Isetshenziselwa ukusakaza, ukuguqula isihlabathi, ukubumba, kanye nezinto ezisezingeni eliphezulu ze-metallurgical: Ngenxa ye-coefficient encane yokwanda okushisayo kwe-graphite kanye nekhono layo lokumelana nezinguquko zokupholisa okusheshayo nokushisa, ingasetshenziswa njengesikhunta se-glassware.Ngemva kokusebenzisa i-graphite, insimbi emnyama ingathola ukulingisa ngobukhulu obunembile, indawo ebushelelezi, kanye nesivuno esikhulu.Ingasetshenziswa ngaphandle kokucubungula noma ukucubungula okuncane, ngaleyo ndlela ilondoloze inani elikhulu lensimbi.Izinqubo ze-powder metallurgy ezifana nokukhiqiza ama-alloys aqinile ngokuvamile zisebenzisa izinto ze-graphite ukwenza izikebhe ze-ceramic ukuze zicindezeleke futhi zifakwe emanzini.I-crystal growth crucible, isitsha esicwengisisayo sesifunda, isisetshenziswa sokusekela, isifudumezi esingeniswayo, njll. se-silicon ye-monocrystalline konke kucutshungulwa kusukela ku-graphite ehlanzekile kakhulu.Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-graphite ingasetshenziswa njengebhodi lokufaka i-graphite kanye nesisekelo sokuncibilikisa i-vacuum, kanye nezingxenye ezifana namashubhu okushisa okushisa aphezulu, izinduku, amapuleti, namagridi.

6. Isetshenziswa embonini yamandla e-athomu kanye nemboni yezokuvikela kazwelonke: I-Graphite inamamodareyitha enutroni angcono kakhulu asetshenziswa kuma-athomu asabelayo, futhi ama-uranium graphite reactor awuhlobo olusetshenziswa kakhulu lwe-athomu yokusabela.Izinto ezinciphisa izinga lejubane ezisetshenziswa kumareactor e-athomu ukuze zibe namandla kufanele zibe nendawo ephezulu yokuncibilika, ukuzinza, nokumelana nokugqwala, futhi i-graphite ingahlangabezana ngokugcwele nezimfuneko ezingenhla.Isidingo sokuhlanzeka segraphite esisetshenziswa kumareactor e-athomu siphezulu kakhulu, futhi okuqukethwe okungcolile akufanele kudlule inqwaba yama-PPM.Ikakhulukazi, okuqukethwe kwe-boron kufanele kube ngaphansi kuka-0.5PPM.Embonini yezokuvikela kazwelonke, i-graphite iphinde isetshenziselwe ukwenza imibhobho yamarokhethi kaphethiloli aqinile, izigaxa zekhala zemicibisholo ejikijelwayo, izingxenye zemishini yokuhamba emkhathini, izinto zokuvikela, nezinto ezivikela imisebe.

7. I-graphite nayo ingavimbela ukukala kwe-boiler.Ukuhlolwa kweyunithi efanelekile kubonise ukuthi ukwengeza inani elithile lempushana ye-graphite (cishe amagremu angu-4-5 ngethani lamanzi) emanzini kungavimbela ukukala kwe-boiler surface.Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukumbozwa nge-graphite koshimula bensimbi, uphahla, amabhuloho namapayipi kungavimbela ukugqwala nokugqwala.

I-graphite ingasetshenziswa njengomthofu wepensela, umbala, kanye ne-ejenti yokupholisha.Ngemva kokucutshungulwa okukhethekile, i-graphite ingasetshenziswa ukukhiqiza izinto ezihlukahlukene ezikhethekile zemikhakha yezimboni efanele.