Ngokusho kwe-SmarTech, inkampani yokubonisana ngobuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza, i-aerospace iyimboni yesibili ngobukhulu ekhonzwa yi-additive manufacturing (AM), eyesibili ngemuva kwezokwelapha. Kodwa-ke, kusekhona ukuntuleka kokwazi ngamathuba okukhiqiza okungeziwe kwezinto zobumba ekukhiqizeni okusheshayo kwezingxenye zezindiza, ukwanda kokuguquguquka kanye nokusebenza kahle kwezindleko. I-AM ingakhiqiza izingxenye zobumba eziqinile nezilula ezinciphisa izindleko zabasebenzi ngokushesha nangokuqhubekayo, inciphise ukuhlanganiswa ngesandla, futhi ithuthukise ukusebenza kahle kanye nokusebenza ngomklamo othuthukiswe ngokumodela, ngaleyo ndlela inciphise isisindo sendiza. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ubuchwepheshe bobumba obungeziwe buhlinzeka ngokulawula okulinganayo kwezingxenye eziqediwe zezici ezingaphansi kwama-micron ayi-100.
Kodwa-ke, igama elithi ceramic lingase liveze umbono ongalungile wokuba buthakathaka. Eqinisweni, izitsha zobumba ezikhiqizwayo ezingeziwe zikhiqiza izingxenye ezilula nezincane kakhulu ezinamandla amakhulu esakhiwo, ukuqina, kanye nokumelana nobubanzi bokushisa obuhlukahlukene. Izinkampani ezibheke phambili ziphendukela ezingxenyeni zokukhiqiza izitsha zobumba, okuhlanganisa ama-nozzle nama-propeller, ama-insulators kagesi kanye nama-turbine blades.
Isibonelo, i-alumina ehlanzekile kakhulu inobulukhuni obuphezulu, futhi inokumelana nokugqwala okunamandla kanye nobubanzi bokushisa. Izingxenye ezenziwe nge-alumina nazo zivikela ngogesi emazingeni okushisa aphezulu avamile ezinhlelweni zezindiza.
I-ceramics esekelwe ku-Zirconia ingahlangabezana nezinhlelo zokusebenza eziningi ezinezidingo ezinkulu zezinto ezibonakalayo kanye nokucindezeleka okukhulu kwemishini, njengokubumba kwensimbi okuphezulu, ama-valve nama-bearings. I-silicon nitride ceramics inamandla aphezulu, ukuqina okuphezulu kanye nokumelana okuhle kakhulu nokushaqeka kokushisa, kanye nokumelana okuhle kwamakhemikhali nokugqwala kwezinhlobonhlobo zama-acid, ama-alkali kanye nezinsimbi ezincibilikisiwe. I-Silicon nitride isetshenziselwa ama-insulator, ama-impeller, kanye nama-antenna e-dielectric aphansi okushisa okuphezulu.
I-composite ceramics inikeza izimfanelo eziningana ezifiselekayo. I-silicon-based ceramics engezwe nge-alumina kanye ne-zircon ibonakalise ukuthi isebenza kahle ekukhiqizeni ama-single crystal castings ama-turbine blades. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi i-ceramic core eyenziwe ngale nto inokushisa okuphansi kakhulu okufika ku-1,500°C, i-porosity ephezulu, ikhwalithi ephezulu kakhulu ebusweni kanye nokugeleza okuhle. Ukuphrinta la ma-cores kungakhiqiza imiklamo ye-turbine engamelana namazinga okushisa aphezulu okusebenza futhi kwandise ukusebenza kahle kwenjini.
Kuyaziwa kahle ukuthi ukubumba noma ukukhanda izinto zobumba ngomjovo kunzima kakhulu, futhi ukukhanda kunikeza ukufinyelela okulinganiselwe ezingxenyeni ezikhiqizwayo. Izici ezifana nezindonga ezincane nazo kunzima ukuzisebenzisa ngomshini.
Kodwa-ke, iLithoz isebenzisa ukukhiqizwa kwe-ceramic okusekelwe ku-lithography (LCM) ukukhiqiza izingxenye ze-ceramic ze-3D eziqondile neziyinkimbinkimbi.
Kusukela kumodeli ye-CAD, imininingwane eningiliziwe idluliselwa ngedijithali kuphrinta ye-3D. Bese ufaka impuphu ye-ceramic eyenziwe kahle phezulu kwe-vat esobala. Ipulatifomu yokwakha ehambayo ifakwa odakeni bese ivezwa ngokukhetha ekukhanyeni okubonakalayo okuvela ngezansi. Isithombe sesendlalelo sikhiqizwa yidivayisi ye-digital micro-mirror (DMD) ehlanganiswe nohlelo lokubonisa. Ngokuphinda le nqubo, ingxenye eluhlaza enobukhulu obuthathu ingakhiqizwa ungqimba ngesendlalelo. Ngemva kokwelashwa kokushisa ngemuva kokushisa, i-binder iyasuswa bese izingxenye eziluhlaza zihlanganiswa ngenqubo ekhethekile yokushisa - ukukhiqiza ingxenye ye-ceramic exinene ngokuphelele enezakhiwo ezinhle kakhulu zemishini kanye nekhwalithi yobuso.
Ubuchwepheshe be-LCM buhlinzeka ngenqubo entsha, engabizi futhi esheshayo yokutshala imali ekubunjweni kwezingxenye zenjini ye-turbine - idlula ukukhiqizwa kwesikhunta okubizayo nokukhathazayo okudingekayo ekubunjweni komjovo kanye nokukhishwa kwe-wax okulahlekile.
I-LCM ingaphinde ifeze imiklamo engenakufezwa ngezinye izindlela, ngenkathi isebenzisa izinto zokusetshenziswa ezimbalwa kakhulu kunezinye izindlela.
Naphezu kwamandla amakhulu ezinto zobumba kanye nobuchwepheshe be-LCM, kusenegebe phakathi kwabakhiqizi bemishini yokuqala ye-AM (OEM) kanye nabaklami bezindiza.
Esinye isizathu kungaba ukumelana nezindlela ezintsha zokukhiqiza ezimbonini ezinezidingo zokuphepha eziqinile kanye nekhwalithi. Ukukhiqiza izindiza kudinga izinqubo eziningi zokuqinisekisa kanye neziqu, kanye nokuhlolwa okuphelele nokuqinile.
Esinye isithiyo sihlanganisa inkolelo yokuthi ukuphrinta kwe-3D kufaneleka kakhulu ekukhiqizeni okusheshayo kwe-prototyping kanye kuphela, kunanoma yini engasetshenziswa emoyeni. Futhi, lokhu kuwukungaqondi kahle, futhi izingxenye ze-ceramic eziphrintiwe ze-3D ziye zafakazelwa ukuthi zisetshenziswa ekukhiqizweni okukhulu.
Isibonelo ukukhiqizwa kwama-turbine blades, lapho inqubo ye-AM ceramic ikhiqiza ama-single crystal (SX) cores, kanye nama-directional solidification (DS) kanye nama-equiaxed casting (EX) superalloy turbine blades. Ama-cores anezakhiwo zamagatsha eziyinkimbinkimbi, izindonga eziningi kanye nemiphetho elandelanayo engaphansi kuka-200μm angakhiqizwa ngokushesha nangokwezomnotho, kanti izingxenye zokugcina zinokunemba okulinganayo kobukhulu kanye nokuphela kobuso okuhle kakhulu.
Ukuthuthukisa ukuxhumana kungahlanganisa abaklami bezindiza kanye nama-AM OEM futhi kuthembe ngokuphelele izingxenye ze-ceramic ezikhiqizwa kusetshenziswa i-LCM kanye nobunye ubuchwepheshe. Ubuchwepheshe kanye nobuchwepheshe bukhona. Kudingeka kushintshe indlela yokucabanga kusuka ku-AM ye-R&D kanye ne-prototyping, futhi kubonwe njengendlela eya phambili yezinhlelo zokusebenza ezinkulu zezentengiselwano.
Ngaphezu kwemfundo, izinkampani zezindiza zingaphinde zitshale isikhathi kubasebenzi, ubunjiniyela, kanye nokuhlola. Abakhiqizi kumele bajwayelane nezindinganiso nezindlela ezahlukene zokuhlola izinto zobumba, hhayi izinsimbi. Isibonelo, izindinganiso ezimbili ezibalulekile ze-ASTM zikaLithoz zezinto zobumba ezihlelekile yi-ASTM C1161 yokuhlolwa kwamandla kanye ne-ASTM C1421 yokuhlolwa kokuqina. Lezi zindinganiso zisebenza ezintweni zobumba ezikhiqizwa yizo zonke izindlela. Ekwenziweni kwezengezo ze-ceramic, isinyathelo sokuphrinta siyindlela nje yokwenza, futhi izingxenye zidlula ohlotsheni olufanayo lokusila njengezinto zobumba ezivamile. Ngakho-ke, isakhiwo esincane sezingxenye zobumba sizofana kakhulu nomshini ojwayelekile wokugaya.
Ngokusekelwe ekuthuthukisweni okuqhubekayo kwezinto zokwakha kanye nobuchwepheshe, singasho ngokuqiniseka ukuthi abaklami bazothola idatha eyengeziwe. Izinto ezintsha zobumba zizothuthukiswa futhi zenziwe ngezifiso ngokwezidingo ezithile zobunjiniyela. Izingxenye ezenziwe nge-AM ceramics zizoqedela inqubo yokuqinisekisa ukusetshenziswa ezindiza. Futhi zizohlinzeka ngamathuluzi okuklama angcono, njengesofthiwe yokumodela ethuthukisiwe.
Ngokubambisana nochwepheshe bezobuchwepheshe be-LCM, izinkampani zezindiza zingethula izinqubo ze-AM ceramic ngaphakathi - ukunciphisa isikhathi, ukunciphisa izindleko, nokudala amathuba okuthuthukiswa kwempahla yengqondo yenkampani. Ngokubona kusengaphambili kanye nokuhlela isikhathi eside, izinkampani zezindiza ezitshala imali kubuchwepheshe be-ceramic zingavuna izinzuzo ezinkulu kuyo yonke iphothifoliyo yazo yokukhiqiza eminyakeni eyishumi ezayo nangaphezulu.
Ngokusungula ubambiswano ne-AM Ceramics, abakhiqizi bemishini yokuqala yezindiza bazokhiqiza izingxenye ezazingacatshangwa ngaphambili.
About the author: Shawn Allan is the vice president of additive manufacturing expert Lithoz. You can contact him at sallan@lithoz-america.com.
UShawn Allan uzokhuluma ngobunzima bokukhuluma ngempumelelo ngezinzuzo zokukhiqiza izithasiselo ze-ceramic e-Ceramics Expo eCleveland, e-Ohio ngomhlaka-1 Septhemba 2021.
Nakuba ukuthuthukiswa kwezinhlelo zokundiza ze-hypersonic sekukhona amashumi eminyaka, manje sekuyinto eza kuqala kwezokuvikela izwe lase-US, okuletha lo mkhakha esimweni sokukhula okusheshayo noshintsho. Njengensimu eyingqayizivele yezifundo eziningi, inselele ukuthola ochwepheshe abanamakhono adingekayo ukuze bakhuthaze intuthuko yawo. Kodwa-ke, uma kungekho ochwepheshe abanele, kudala igebe lokusungula izinto ezintsha, njengokubeka umklamo wokukhiqiza (i-DFM) kuqala esigabeni se-R&D, bese kuba igebe lokukhiqiza lapho sekwephuze kakhulu ukwenza izinguquko ezingabizi kakhulu.
Ama-Alliance, njenge-University Alliance for Applied Hypersonics (UCAH) esanda kusungulwa, ahlinzeka ngendawo ebalulekile yokuhlakulela amathalente adingekayo ukuze kuthuthukiswe lo mkhakha. Abafundi bangasebenza ngqo nabacwaningi baseyunivesithi kanye nochwepheshe bemboni ukuthuthukisa ubuchwepheshe kanye nokuthuthukisa ucwaningo olubucayi lwe-hypersonic.
Nakuba i-UCAH kanye nezinye izinhlangano zezokuvikela zigunyaze amalungu ukuba ahlanganyele emisebenzini eyahlukahlukene yobunjiniyela, umsebenzi omningi kumele wenziwe ukuze kuthuthukiswe amakhono ahlukahlukene nanolwazi, kusukela ekuklameni kuya ekuthuthukisweni kwezinto ezibonakalayo kanye nokukhetha kuya ezindaweni zokusebenzela zokukhiqiza.
Ukuze kuhlinzekwe ngenani elihlala njalo emkhakheni, inhlangano yamanyuvesi kumele yenze ukuthuthukiswa kwabasebenzi kube yinto eza kuqala ngokuhambisana nezidingo zemboni, ukubandakanya amalungu ocwaningweni olufanele imboni, kanye nokutshala imali ohlelweni.
Uma kuguqulwa ubuchwepheshe be-hypersonic bube amaphrojekthi amakhulu akhiqizwayo, igebe lamakhono abasebenzi bobunjiniyela kanye nokukhiqiza elikhona liyinselele enkulu. Uma ucwaningo lwasekuqaleni lungaweli kulesi sigodi sokufa esibizwa ngokufanele—igebe phakathi kwe-R&D kanye nokukhiqiza, kanye namaphrojekthi amaningi amakhulu ehlulekile—khona-ke silahlekelwe yisisombululo esisebenzayo nesisebenzayo.
Imboni yokukhiqiza yase-US ingasheshisa isivinini se-supersonic, kodwa ingozi yokusala ngemuva iwukwandisa ubukhulu bezisebenzi ukuze zifane. Ngakho-ke, uhulumeni kanye nezinhlangano zokuthuthukiswa kwamanyuvesi kumele babambisane nabakhiqizi ukuze basebenzise lezi zinhlelo.
Imboni ihlangabezane nezikhala zamakhono kusukela ezindaweni zokusebenzela zokukhiqiza kuya ezindaweni zokucwaninga zobunjiniyela - lezi zikhala zizokhula kuphela njengoba imakethe ye-hypersonic ikhula. Ubuchwepheshe obusha budinga abasebenzi abasafufusa ukuze bandise ulwazi kulo mkhakha.
Umsebenzi we-Hypersonic uhlanganisa izindawo eziningana ezibalulekile zezinto zokwakha nezakhiwo ezahlukahlukene, futhi indawo ngayinye inezinselelo zayo zobuchwepheshe. Zidinga izinga eliphezulu lolwazi oluningiliziwe, futhi uma ubuchwepheshe obudingekayo bungekho, lokhu kungadala izithiyo ekuthuthukisweni nasekukhiqizweni. Uma singenabo abantu abanele bokugcina umsebenzi, ngeke kwenzeke ukuhambisana nesidingo sokukhiqiza okusheshayo.
Isibonelo, sidinga abantu abangakha umkhiqizo wokugcina. I-UCAH kanye namanye amaqembu abalulekile ekukhuthazeni ukukhiqiza kwesimanje nokuqinisekisa ukuthi abafundi abanesifiso sendima yokukhiqiza bayafakwa. Ngemizamo yokuthuthukisa abasebenzi abazinikele emisebenzini ehlukahlukene, imboni izokwazi ukugcina inzuzo yokuncintisana ezinhlelweni zezindiza ze-hypersonic eminyakeni embalwa ezayo.
Ngokusungula i-UCAH, uMnyango Wezokuvikela udala ithuba lokusebenzisa indlela egxile kakhulu ekwakheni amakhono kule ndawo. Wonke amalungu omfelandawonye kumele asebenzisane ukuqeqesha amakhono abafundi ukuze sikwazi ukwakha nokugcina umfutho wocwaningo futhi silwandise ukuze kukhiqizwe imiphumela edingwa yizwe lethu.
I-NASA Advanced Composites Alliance esivaliwe manje iyisibonelo somzamo wokuthuthukiswa kwabasebenzi ophumelelayo. Ukusebenza kwayo ngempumelelo kuwumphumela wokuhlanganisa umsebenzi we-R&D nezintshisekelo zemboni, okuvumela ukusungula izinto ezintsha ukuthi kwande kuyo yonke indawo yokuthuthukiswa. Abaholi bemboni basebenze ngqo ne-NASA namanyuvesi kumaphrojekthi iminyaka emibili kuya kwemine. Wonke amalungu athuthukise ulwazi lobuchwepheshe kanye nesipiliyoni, afunde ukubambisana endaweni engenakuncintisana, futhi akhulise abafundi basekolishi ukuze bathuthuke ukuze bakhulise abadlali ababalulekile embonini esikhathini esizayo.
Lolu hlobo lokuthuthukiswa kwabasebenzi lugcwalisa izikhala embonini futhi lunikeza amathuba amabhizinisi amancane okusungula izinto ezintsha ngokushesha futhi ahlukanise insimu ukuze afinyelele ukukhula okuqhubekayo okuhambisana nezinhlelo zokuphepha kwezwe lase-US kanye nokuphepha komnotho.
Izinhlangano zaseyunivesithi ezihlanganisa i-UCAH ziyimpahla ebalulekile emkhakheni we-hypersonic kanye nemboni yezokuvikela. Nakuba ucwaningo lwabo lukhuthaze izinto ezintsha ezisafufusa, inani labo elikhulu lisekhonweni labo lokuqeqesha isizukulwane sethu esilandelayo sabasebenzi. Iqembu manje lidinga ukubeka phambili ukutshalwa kwezimali ezinhlelweni ezinjalo. Ngokwenza kanjalo, bangasiza ekukhuthazeni impumelelo yesikhathi eside ye-hypersonic innovation.
About the author: Kim Caldwell leads Spirit AeroSystems’ R&D program as a senior manager of portfolio strategy and collaborative R&D. In her role, Caldwell also manages relationships with defense and government organizations, universities, and original equipment manufacturers to further develop strategic initiatives to develop technologies that drive growth. You can contact her at kimberly.a.caldwell@spiritaero.com.
Abakhiqizi bemikhiqizo eyinkimbinkimbi, enobunjiniyela obuphezulu (njengezingxenye zezindiza) bazibophezele ekwenzeni izinto zibe zinhle ngaso sonke isikhathi. Ayikho indawo yokunyakaza.
Ngenxa yokuthi ukukhiqizwa kwezindiza kuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, abakhiqizi kumele baphathe ngokucophelela inqubo yekhwalithi, benaka kakhulu isinyathelo ngasinye. Lokhu kudinga ukuqonda okujulile kokuthi bangaphatha kanjani futhi bazivumelanise kanjani nezinkinga zokukhiqiza ezishintshashintshayo, ikhwalithi, ukuphepha, kanye nochungechunge lokuhlinzeka ngenkathi behlangabezana nezidingo zomthetho.
Ngenxa yokuthi izici eziningi zithinta ukulethwa kwemikhiqizo esezingeni eliphezulu, kunzima ukuphatha ama-oda okukhiqiza ayinkimbinkimbi futhi ashintsha njalo. Inqubo yekhwalithi kumele ibe namandla kuzo zonke izici zokuhlola nokuklama, ukukhiqiza kanye nokuhlola. Ngenxa yamasu e-Industry 4.0 kanye nezixazululo zokukhiqiza zesimanje, lezi zinselele zekhwalithi sekulula ukuzilawula nokuzinqoba.
Ukugxila kwendabuko kokukhiqizwa kwezindiza bekulokhu kusezintweni zokwakha. Umthombo wezinkinga eziningi zekhwalithi kungaba ukuphuka okubuthakathaka, ukugqwala, ukukhathala kwensimbi, noma ezinye izici. Kodwa-ke, ukukhiqizwa kwezindiza zanamuhla kufaka phakathi ubuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe, obuthuthukisiwe obusebenzisa izinto ezingamelani nezindiza. Ukudalwa komkhiqizo kusebenzisa izinqubo ezikhethekile kakhulu neziyinkimbinkimbi kanye nezinhlelo ze-elekthronikhi. Izixazululo zesofthiwe yokuphatha imisebenzi ejwayelekile zingase zingasakwazi ukuxazulula izinkinga eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu.
Izingxenye eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu zingathengwa ku-supply chain yomhlaba wonke, ngakho-ke kufanele kucatshangelwe kakhulu ukuzihlanganisa kuyo yonke inqubo yokuhlanganisa. Ukungaqiniseki kuletha izinselele ezintsha ekubonakaleni kwe-supply chain kanye nokuphathwa kwekhwalithi. Ukuqinisekisa ikhwalithi yezingxenye eziningi kangaka kanye nemikhiqizo eqediwe kudinga izindlela zekhwalithi ezingcono nezihlanganisiwe.
I-Industry 4.0 imele intuthuko yemboni yokukhiqiza, futhi kudingeka ubuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe obuningi ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zekhwalithi eziqinile. Ubuchwepheshe obusekelayo buhlanganisa i-Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT), imicu yedijithali, i-augmented reality (AR), kanye nokuhlaziywa kokubikezela.
I-Quality 4.0 ichaza inqubo yokukhiqiza eqhutshwa idatha indlela yekhwalithi ehilela imikhiqizo, izinqubo, ukuhlela, ukuthobela imithetho kanye nezindinganiso. Yakhelwe phezu kwezindlela zekhwalithi zendabuko esikhundleni sokushintsha izindlela zekhwalithi zendabuko, kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe obusha obufanayo nobabo abasebenza nabo ezimbonini, okuhlanganisa ukufunda komshini, amadivayisi axhunyiwe, ukubala amafu, kanye namawele edijithali ukuguqula ukuhamba komsebenzi kwenhlangano nokususa imikhiqizo noma izinqubo ezingaba khona Amaphutha. Ukuvela kwe-Quality 4.0 kulindeleke ukuthi kushintshe isiko lendawo yokusebenza ngokwandisa ukuthembela kudatha kanye nokusetshenziswa okujulile kwekhwalithi njengengxenye yendlela yokudala umkhiqizo iyonke.
Ikhwalithi 4.0 ihlanganisa izinkinga zokusebenza kanye nokuqinisekiswa kwekhwalithi (QA) kusukela ekuqaleni kuya esigabeni sokuklama. Lokhu kufaka phakathi indlela yokucabanga nokuklama imikhiqizo. Imiphumela yocwaningo lwamuva nje embonini ikhombisa ukuthi izimakethe eziningi azinayo inqubo yokudlulisa umklamo ezenzakalelayo. Inqubo esetshenziswa ngesandla ishiya isikhala samaphutha, kungaba iphutha langaphakathi noma ukudlulisa umklamo kanye nezinguquko kuchungechunge lokuhlinzeka.
Ngaphezu kokuklama, i-Quality 4.0 isebenzisa nokufunda komshini okugxile enqubweni ukunciphisa imfucuza, ukunciphisa ukusebenza kabusha, kanye nokwenza ngcono imingcele yokukhiqiza. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ixazulula nezinkinga zokusebenza komkhiqizo ngemva kokulethwa, isebenzisa impendulo yasendaweni ukuvuselela isofthiwe yomkhiqizo kude, igcina ukwaneliseka kwamakhasimende, futhi ekugcineni iqinisekise ukuthi ibhizinisi liyaphindaphindwa. Iba ngumlingani ongenakuhlukaniswa we-Industry 4.0.
Kodwa-ke, ikhwalithi ayisebenzi kuphela ezinhlotsheni zokukhiqiza ezikhethiwe. Ukufakwa kwe-Quality 4.0 kungagxilisa indlela ephelele yekhwalithi ezinhlanganweni zokukhiqiza, okwenza amandla okuguqula idatha abe yingxenye ebalulekile yokucabanga kwenkampani. Ukuthobela imithetho kuzo zonke izigaba zenhlangano kunegalelo ekwakhiweni kwesiko lekhwalithi iyonke.
Ayikho inqubo yokukhiqiza engasebenza kahle nge-100% yesikhathi. Izimo ezishintshayo zibangela izehlakalo ezingalindelekile ezidinga ukulungiswa. Labo abanolwazi ngekhwalithi bayaqonda ukuthi konke kumayelana nenqubo yokuqhubekela phambili ekupheleleni. Uqinisekisa kanjani ukuthi ikhwalithi ifakiwe enkambisweni yokuthola izinkinga kusenesikhathi? Uzokwenzenjani uma uthola iphutha? Ingabe kukhona izinto zangaphandle ezibangela le nkinga? Yiziphi izinguquko ongazenza ohlelweni lokuhlola noma enkambisweni yokuhlola ukuvimbela le nkinga ukuthi ingaphinde yenzeke?
Misa umqondo wokuthi yonke inqubo yokukhiqiza inenqubo yekhwalithi ehlobene nehlobene. Cabanga ngekusasa lapho kunobudlelwano bomuntu nomuntu futhi ulinganise njalo ikhwalithi. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kwenzekani ngokungahleliwe, ikhwalithi ephelele ingafinyelelwa. Isikhungo ngasinye somsebenzi sibuyekeza izinkomba kanye nezinkomba zokusebenza ezibalulekile (ama-KPI) nsuku zonke ukuze sibone izindawo okufanele zithuthukiswe ngaphambi kokuba kuvele izinkinga.
Kulolu hlelo oluvaliwe, inqubo ngayinye yokukhiqiza inesiphetho sekhwalithi, esinikeza impendulo yokumisa inqubo, ukuvumela inqubo ukuthi iqhubeke, noma ukwenza izinguquko zesikhathi sangempela. Uhlelo aluthinteki ukukhathala noma iphutha lomuntu. Uhlelo lwekhwalithi oluvaliwe olwenzelwe ukukhiqizwa kwezindiza lubalulekile ukuze kufinyelelwe amazinga aphezulu ekhwalithi, kufinyezwe izikhathi zomjikelezo, futhi kuqinisekiswe ukuhambisana nezindinganiso ze-AS9100.
Eminyakeni eyishumi edlule, umqondo wokugxila kwi-QA ekwakhiweni komkhiqizo, ocwaningweni lwemakethe, kubahlinzeki, kumasevisi omkhiqizo, noma kwezinye izici ezithinta ukwaneliseka kwamakhasimende wawungenakwenzeka. Ukwakhiwa komkhiqizo kuyaqondakala ukuthi kuvela egunyeni eliphakeme; ikhwalithi imayelana nokwenza le miklamo emgqeni wokuhlanganisa, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ikuphi ukushiyeka kwayo.
Namuhla, izinkampani eziningi zicabanga kabusha ukuthi zingawenza kanjani ibhizinisi. Isimo esikhona ngo-2018 kungenzeka singasakwazi ukwenzeka. Abakhiqizi abaningi baya ngokuya beba abahlakaniphile nabahlakaniphile. Ulwazi olwengeziwe luyatholakala, okusho ubuhlakani obungcono bokwakha umkhiqizo ofanele okokuqala, ngokusebenza kahle nangokusebenza okuphezulu.