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Amasiko obumba abonisa uhlaka lwenhlalo-mnotho yamasiko esikhathi esidlule, kuyilapho ukusatshalaliswa kwendawo yobumba kubonisa amaphethini okuxhumana nezinqubo zokusebenzisana.Izinto ezisetshenziswayo kanye nesayensi yezwe kusetshenziswa lapha ukuze kunqunywe ukutholakala, ukukhethwa kanye nokucutshungulwa kwezinto ezingavuthiwe.The Kingdom of the Congo, internationally eyaduma kusukela ekupheleni kwekhulu leshumi nanhlanu, ingesinye sezifundazwe ezaziyikoloni ePhakathi ne-Afrika. Nakuba ucwaningo oluningi lomlando luncike emibhalweni yase-Afrika ekhulunywa ngomlomo nebhaliwe, kusenezikhala ezinkulu ekuqondeni kwethu lolu phiko lwezepolitiki. .Lapha sihlinzeka ngemininingwane emisha ekukhiqizweni nasekujikelezweni kwezitsha zobumba e-Kingdom of the Congo.Ukwenza izindlela eziningi zokuhlaziya kumasampula akhethiwe, okuyi-XRD, TGA, i-petrographic analysis, i-XRF, i-VP-SEM-EDS ne-ICP-MS, sanquma izici zabo ze-petrographic, mineralogical and geochemical.Imiphumela yethu isivumela ukuthi sixhumanise izinto zemivubukulo nezinto zemvelo futhi sisungule amasiko e-ceramic.Sihlonze izifanekiso zokukhiqiza, amaphethini wokushintshana, ukusabalalisa kanye nezinqubo zokusebenzisana kwezimpahla zekhwalithi ngokusatshalaliswa kolwazi lobuchwepheshe.Okutholakele kwethu kusikisela ukuthi ipolitiki ukufakwa phakathi kwesifunda sase-Lower Congo e-Afrika Emaphakathi kunomthelela oqondile ekukhiqizeni izitsha zobumba kanye nokujikeleza.Sithemba ukuthi ucwaningo lwethu luzohlinzeka ngesisekelo esihle sezifundo ezengeziwe zokuqhathanisa ukuze kuhlanganiswe lesi sifunda.
Ukwenziwa kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezitsha zobumba kube yinto esemqoka emasikweni amaningi, futhi isimo sayo senhlalonhle-yepolitiki sibe nomthelela omkhulu ekuhlelweni kokukhiqiza kanye nenqubo yokwenza lezi zinto1,2.Ngaphakathi kwalolu hlaka, ucwaningo lwe-ceramic lungathuthukisa umnotho wethu. ukuqonda imiphakathi edlule3,4.Ngokuhlola izitsha zobumba zemivubukulo, singaxhumanisa izakhiwo zazo namasiko athile e-ceramic kanye namaphethini alandelayo okukhiqiza1,4,5.Njengoba kuboniswe nguMatson6, ngokusekelwe ku-ceramic ecology, ukukhethwa kwezinto zokusetshenziswa kuhlobene ukutholakala kwendawo yemithombo yemvelo.Ngaphezu kwalokho, kucatshangelwa izifundo ze-ethnographic ezehlukene, i-Whitbread2 ibhekisela emathubeni angu-84% okuthuthukiswa kwensiza ngaphakathi kwendawo eyi-7km yemvelaphi yobumba, uma kuqhathaniswa namathuba angu-80% ngaphakathi kwe-radius engu-3km e-Afrika7.Nokho. , kubalulekile ukungakushalazeli ukuncika kwezinhlangano ezikhiqizayo ezintweni zobuchwepheshe2,3.Izinketho zobuchwepheshe zingaphenywa ngokuphenya ukuhlobana phakathi kwezinto, amasu nolwazi lobuchwepheshe3,8,9.Uhlu lwalezo zinketho lungachaza isiko elithile le-ceramic. .Kuleli qophelo, ukuhlanganiswa kwesayensi yemivubukulo ocwaningweni kube negalelo elikhulu ekuqondeni kangcono imiphakathi edlule3,10,11,12.Ukusetshenziswa kwezindlela zokuhlaziya eziningi kungaphendula imibuzo mayelana nazo zonke izigaba ezihilelekile ekusebenzeni kweketango, njengemithombo yemvelo. ukuthuthukiswa kanye nokukhetha impahla eluhlaza, ukuthengwa nokucubungula3,10,11,12.
Lolu cwaningo lugxile eMbusweni waseCongo, okungenye yepolitiki enethonya elikhulu okumele ithuthukiswe e-Afrika Emaphakathi.Ngaphambi kokufika kombuso wanamuhla, i-Afrika Emaphakathi yayihlanganisa i-mosaic eyinkimbinkimbi yezenhlalo nezombusazwe ebonakala ngokuhlukana okukhulu kwamasiko nezombusazwe, nezakhiwo ezihlukene. kusukela emikhakheni yezombangazwe emincane nezihlukene kuya emikhakheni yezombangazwe eyinkimbinkimbi futhi egxile kakhulu13,14,15.Kulesi simo senhlalonhle-zombangazwe, uMbuso waseCongo kucatshangwa ukuthi wakhiwa ngekhulu le-14 lemifelandawonye emithathu ehlangene 16, 17. I-heyday, yayihlanganisa indawo ecishe ilingane nendawo ephakathi kwe-Atlantic Ocean ngasentshonalanga yeDemocratic Republic of Congo (DRC) yanamuhla kanye noMfula iCuango empumalanga, kanye nendawo esenyakatho ye-Angola namuhla. I-Latitude yase-Luanda.Yadlala indima ebalulekile esifundeni esibanzi ngesikhathi sokudlondlobala kwayo futhi yabhekana nentuthuko ebheke ebunzimeni obukhulu kanye nokubekwa endaweni eyodwa kuze kube yi-14, 18, 19, 20, 21st yekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalombili. Ukuhlelwa komphakathi, imali evamile, izinhlelo zentela. , ukusabalalisa okuqondile kwabasebenzi, kanye nokuhweba ngezigqila18, 19 kubonisa imodeli ka-Earle yomnotho wezombangazwe22.Kusukela ekusungulweni kwawo kuze kube sekupheleni kwekhulu le-17, uMbuso WaseCongo wanda kakhulu, futhi kusukela ngo-1483 kuqhubeke wasungula ubuhlobo obuqinile neYurophu, futhi kulokhu. Wabamba iqhaza ekuhwebeni kwe-Atlantic 18, 19, 20, 23, 24, 25 (imininingwane eminingi Bheka Isengezo 1) ukuze uthole imininingwane yomlando.
Izindlela zezinto zokwakha kanye ne-geoscience zisetshenziswe ezintweni zobumba zobumba ezivela ezindaweni ezintathu zokuvubukula e-Kingdom of the Congo, lapho kumbiwe khona kule minyaka eyishumi edlule, okuyiMbanza Kongo e-Angola kanye neKindoki kanye neNgongo Mbata eDemocratic Republic of Congo (Fig. . 1) (bheka Ithebula Lokwengeza 1).2 kudatha yemivubukulo).I-Mbanza Congo, esanda kubhalwa ohlwini lwe-UNESCO World Heritage List, itholakala esifundazweni saseMpemba sombuso wasendulo.Itholakala ethafeni elimaphakathi ezimpambanweni zemizila ebaluleke kakhulu yohwebo, kwakuyipolitiki kanye inhlokodolobha yokuphatha yombuso kanye nesihlalo sesihlalo sobukhosi senkosi. IKindoki kanye neNgongo Mbata zitholakala ezifundazweni zaseNsundi naseMbata, ngokulandelana, okungenzeka ukuthi zaziyingxenye yemibuso eyisikhombisa yaseKongo dia Nlaza ngaphambi kokusungulwa kombuso - owodwa we ipolitiki ehlangene28,29.Bobabili badlala indima ebalulekile kuwo wonke umlando wombuso17.Izindawo zemivubukulo yaseKindoki naseNgongo Mbata zitholakala esigodini sase-Inkisi engxenyeni esenyakatho yombuso futhi zazingenye yezindawo zokuqala ezanqotshwa Abasunguli bombuso.Mbanza Nsundi, inhloko-dolobha yesifundazwe enamanxiwa aseJindoki, ngokwesiko ibibuswa abalandela amakhosi akamuva aseCongo 17, 18, 30.Isifundazwe saseMbata sitholakala ikakhulukazi 31 empumalanga yomfula i-Inkisi.Ababusi baseMbata ( futhi ngokwezinga elithile uSoyo) banenhlanhla yomlando yokuba yibona kuphela abakhethwa ezikhulwini zendawo ngokulandelana, hhayi ezinye izifundazwe lapho ababusi beqokwa umndeni wasebukhosini, okusho ukuthi imali enkulu yemali 18,26. inhloko-dolobha yaseMbata, iNgongo Mbata yabamba iqhaza elibalulekile okungenani ekhulwini le-17. Ngenxa yesimo sayo samasu kunethiwekhi yokuhweba, iNgongo Mbata ibe negalelo ekuthuthukisweni kwesifundazwe njengemakethe yokuhweba ebalulekile16,17,18,26,31 ,32.
Umbuso waseCongo kanye nezifundazwe zayo eziyisithupha eziyinhloko (iMpemba, iNsondi, iMbata, iSoyo, iMbamba, iMpangu) ekhulwini leshumi nesithupha neleshumi nesikhombisa. Izindawo ezintathu okuxoxwe ngazo kulolu cwaningo (iMbanza Kongo, iKindoki kanye neNgongo Mbata) zikhonjisiwe imephu.
Kuze kube yiminyaka eyishumi edlule, ulwazi lwemivubukulo yoMbuso WaseCongo belunomkhawulo33.Imininingwane eminingi ngomlando wombuso isekelwe emasikweni axoxwayo endawo kanye nemithombo ebhaliwe evela e-Afrika naseYurophu16,17.Ukulandelana kwezikhathi esifundeni saseCongo kuhlukene phakathi futhi akuphelele ekuntulekeni kwezifundo zemivubukulo ehlelekile34.Ukumbiwa kwezinto zakudala kusukela ngo-2011 kuhloswe ukugcwalisa lezi zikhala futhi kwembule izakhiwo ezibalulekile, izici kanye nezinto zobuciko.Kulokhu okutholakele, ngokungangabazeki ama-potshards abaluleke kakhulu29,30,31,32,35,36. mayelana neNkathi Yensimbi e-Afrika Ephakathi, amaphrojekthi emivubukulo afana namanje ayivelakancane kakhulu37,38.
Sethula imiphumela yokuhlaziywa kwe-mineralogy, i-geochemical kanye ne-petrological yeqoqo lezingcezwana zobumba ezivela ezindaweni ezintathu ezimbiwe zoMbuso WaseCongo (bheka idatha yemivubukulo ku-Supplementary Material 2). Amasampuli ayengezohlobo ezine zobumba (Fig. 2), eyodwa evela ku-Jindoji Formation kanye nezintathu ezivela ku-King Kong Formation 30, 31, 35.Iqembu le-Kindoki lihlehlela emuva enkathini yoMbuso Wakuqala (ikhulu le-14 kuya maphakathi nekhulu le-15).Ezindaweni okuxoxwe ngazo kulolu cwaningo, i-Kindoki (n = 31 ) kwakuyisizinda sodwa esabonisa ukuqoqwa kwe-Kindoki30,35.Izinhlobo ezintathu zamaQembu e-Kongo - Uhlobo A, Uhlobo C, noHlobo D - oluhlehlela emuva embusweni ongasekho (ikhulu le-16-18) futhi zikhona ngesikhathi esisodwa ezindaweni ezintathu zemivubukulo ezicatshangelwa lapha30 , 31, 35.Amabhodwe ohlobo lwe-Kongo C angamabhodwe okupheka amaningi kuzo zontathu izindawo35.Ipani yohlobo lwe-Kongo A ingase isetshenziswe njengepani yokuphakela, imelelwa izingcezu ezimbalwa kuphela 30, 31, 35.Kongo D-uhlobo izitsha zobumba kufanele zisetshenziselwe ukusetshenziswa ekhaya kuphela - njengoba zingakaze zitholakale emingcwabeni kuze kube manje - futhi zihlotshaniswa neqembu elithile elikhethekile labasebenzisi30,31,35.Izingcezu zazo nazo zivela ngamanani amancane kuphela.Izimbiza zohlobo A no-D ibonise ukusatshalaliswa kwendawo okufanayo ezindaweni zaseKindoki naseNgongo Mbata30,31.ENgongo Mbata, kuze kube manje, kunezingcezu ezingu-37,013 zohlobo lwe-Kongo C, okunezicucu ezingu-193 kuphela zohlobo lwe-Kongo A kanye nezingcezu ezingu-168 zohlobo lwe-Kongo D31.
Imifanekiso yamaqembu amane ohlobo lwezitsha zobumba zase-Congo okuxoxwe ngazo kulolu cwaningo (Iqembu le-Kindoki neQembu le-Kongo: Izinhlobo A, C, kanye no-D);ukumelwa okuyingcaca kokuvela kwazo ngokulandelana kwezikhathi endaweni ngayinye yokuvubukula i-Mbanza Kongo, i-Kindoki ne-Ngongo Mbata.
I-X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Petrographic Analysis, Variable Pressure Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (VP-SEM-EDS), X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy (XRF) kanye ne-Inductively Coupled Plasma Coupled i-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) isetshenziselwe ukubhekana nemibuzo mayelana nemithombo engase ibe khona yezinto ezingavuthiwe kanye namasu okukhiqiza.Inhloso yethu ukuhlonza amasiko e-ceramic futhi awaxhumanise nezindlela ezithile zokukhiqiza, ngaleyo ndlela sinikeze umbono omusha ngesakhiwo senhlalo somuntu oyedwa. yezinhlangano zezepolitiki ezigqame kakhulu eCentral Africa.
Indaba yoMbuso Wase-Congo inselele ikakhulukazi ezifundweni zomthombo ngenxa yokuhlukahluka kanye nokucaciswa kokuboniswa kwendawo yendawo (Fig. 3) .I-geology yesifunda ingabonwa ngokuba khona kokulandelana okungakashintshi kwe-geological sedimentary kanye ne-metamorphic eyaziwa ngokuthi I-Western Congo Supergroup.Endleleni ebheke phansi ukuya phezulu, ukulandelana kuqala ngokushintshana ngokushintshana kwetshe le-quartzite-claystone ekuBumbeni kwe-Sansikwa, kulandelwa i-Haut Shiloango Formation, ebonakala ngokuba khona kwe-stromatolite carbonates, nase-Democratic Republic of Congo, i-silica Diatomaceous earth cells yabonakala eduze naphansi nangaphezulu kweqembu.I-Neoproterozoic Schisto-Calcaire Group iyinhlangano ye-carbonate-argillite ene-Cu-Pb-Zn mineralization.Lokhu kwakheka kwe-geological kubonisa inqubo engavamile ngokusebenzisa i-diagenesis ebuthakathaka yobumba lwe-magnesia noma ukuguqulwa kancane kwe-dolomite ekhiqiza i-talc.Lokhu kubangela ukuba khona kokubili kwemithombo ye-calcium ne-talc mineral.Iyunithi imbozwe yi-Precambrian Schisto-Greseux Group ehlanganisa imibhede ebomvu ye-sandy-argillaceous.
Imephu yokwakheka komhlaba yendawo yocwaningo.Izindawo ezintathu zemivubukulo zikhonjisiwe kumephu (iMbanza Congo, iJindoki neNgongombata).Indilinga ezungeze isiza imele indawo eyi-7 km, ehambisana nokusetshenziswa komthombo okungama-84%2.Imephu ibhekisela eDemocratic Republic of the Congo kanye ne-Angola, futhi imingcele iphawuliwe.Amamephu ejiyoloji (ama-shapefiles ku-Supplement 11) adalwe ku-software ye-ArcGIS Pro 2.9.1 (iwebhusayithi: https://www.arcgis.com/), ebhekisela Amamephu we-Angolan41 kanye ne-Congo42,65 Geological (amafayela e-raster), kusetshenziswa i-Enza amazinga ahlukene okubhala.
Ngaphezulu kokungaqhubeki kwe-sedimentary, amayunithi e-Cretaceous ahlanganisa amatshe e-continental sedimentary afana ne-sandstone ne-claystone.Eduzane, lokhu kwakheka kwe-geological kwaziwa njengomthombo wesibili we-depositional wamadayimane ngemva kokuguguleka kwe-Early Cretaceous kimberlite tubes41,42.Ayikho enye i-igneous and high-grade metamorphic metamorphic kubikwe amatshe kule ndawo.
Indawo ezungeze uMbanza Kongo ibonakala ngokuba khona kwediphozithi ye-clastic kanye namakhemikhali ku-Precambrian strata, ikakhulukazi i-limestone kanye ne-dolomite evela ku-Schisto-Calcaire Formation kanye ne-slate, i-quartzite kanye ne-ashwag evela e-Haut Shiloango Formation41.Iyunithi ye-geological eseduze kakhulu nendawo ye-archaeological site ye-Jindoji. iyidwala le-Holocene alluvial sedimentary kanye ne-limestone, i-slate kanye ne-chert embozwe nge-feldspar quartzite ye-Precambrian Schisto-Greseux Group.I-Ngongo Mbata itholakala ebhande ledwala elincane le-Schisto-Greseux phakathi kwe-Schisto-Calcaire Group endala kanye ne-sandstone ebomvu yase-Cretaceous eseduze42. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umthombo wase-Kimberlite obizwa ngokuthi i-Kimpangu ubikwe endaweni ebanzi ye-Ngongo Mbata eduze ne-craton esifundeni sase-Lower Congo.
Imiphumela ye-semi-quantitative yezigaba eziyinhloko zamaminerali ezitholwe yi-XRD ziboniswa kuThebula 1, futhi amaphethini amele we-XRD aboniswa kuMfanekiso 4.Quartz (SiO2) yisigaba esiyinhloko samaminerali, esivame ukuhlotshaniswa ne-potassium feldspar (KalSi3O8) kanye ne-mica. .[Isibonelo, i-KAl2(Si3Al)O12(OH)2], kanye/noma i-talc [Mg3Si4O10(OH)2].Amaminerali e-plagioclase [XAl(1–2)Si(3–2)O8, X = Na noma Ca] (okungukuthi i-sodium kanye/noma i-anorthite) ne-amphibole [(X)(0–3)[(Z )(5– 7)(Si, Al)8O22(O,OH,F)2, X = Ca2+, Na+ , K+, Z = Mg2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Mn2+, Al, Ti] yizigaba zekristalu ezihlobene, Ngokuvamile kuba ne-mica.I-Amphibole ivamise ukungabibikho ku-talc.
Amaphethini e-XRD amele obumba base-Kongo Kingdom, asekelwe ezigabeni ezinkulu zekristalu, ahambelana namaqembu ohlobo: (i) izingxenye ezicebile nge-talc okuhlangatshezwane nazo kumasampula e-Kindoki Group kanye nohlobo C lwe-Kongo, (ii) i-talc ecebile etholwe kumasampula ezingxenye eziqukethe i-Quartz Amasampula e-Kindoki Group kanye ne-Kongo Type C, (iii) izingxenye ezicebile ze-feldspar kumasampuli ohlobo lwe-Kongo A kanye ne-Kongo D, (iv) izingxenye ezicebile nge-mica kumasampuli e-Kongo Type A ne-Kongo D, ( v) Izingxenye ezicebile ze-Amphibole zihlangatshezwe kumasampuli kusukela ku-Kongo Type A kanye ne-Kongo Type DQ quartz, i-Pl plagioclase, noma i-potassium feldspar, i-Am amphibole, i-Mca mica, i-Tlc talc, i-Vrm vermiculite.
I-spectra ye-XRD engabonakali ye-talc Mg3Si4O10(OH)2 ne-pyrophyllite Al2Si4O10(OH)2 idinga indlela ehambisanayo yokuhlonza ubukhona bazo, ukungabikho noma ukuhlalisana kwazo okungenzeka. 20).Amajika e-TG (I-Supplement 3) ayehambisana nokuba khona kwesigaba samaminerali e-talc kanye nokungabikho kwe-pyrophyllite.I-dehydroxylation kanye nokubola kwesakhiwo okubonwa phakathi kuka-850 no-1000 °C kuhambisana ne-talc.Akukho ukulahlekelwa okukhulu okubonwe phakathi kuka-650 kanye 850 °C, okubonisa ukungabikho kwe-pyrophyllite44.
Njengesigaba esincane, i-vermiculite [(Mg, Fe+2, Fe+3)3[(Al, Si)4O10](OH)2 4H2O], inqunywa ngokuhlaziywa kwama-aggregate aqondisiwe wamasampuli amele, inani eliphakeme Itholakala ku-16-7 Å, itholwe kakhulu kumasampuli e-Kindoki Group kanye ne-Kongo Group Type A.
Amasampula ohlobo lwe-Kindoki Group atholwe endaweni ebanzi ezungeze i-Kindoki abonise ukwakheka kwamaminerali okubonakala ngokuba khona kwe-talc, ubuningi be-quartz ne-mica, nokuba khona kwe-potassium feldspar.
Ukwakheka kwamaminerali amasampula ohlobo lwe-Kongo A kubonakala ngokuba khona kwenani elikhulu lamapheya e-quartz-mica ngezilinganiso ezihlukene kanye nokuba khona kwe-potassium feldspar, i-plagioclase, i-amphibole, ne-mica.Ubuningi be-amphibole ne-feldspar buphawula lolu hlobo lweqembu, ikakhulukazi kumasampula ohlobo lwe-Congo e-Jindoki naseNgongombata.
Amasampuli ohlobo C lwe-Kongo abonisa ukwakheka okuhlukahlukene kwamaminerali ngaphakathi kweqembu lohlobo, elincike kakhulu endaweni yemivubukulo.Amasampuli asuka e-Ngongo Mbata anothe nge-quartz futhi abonisa ukwakheka okungaguquguquki.I-Quartz futhi iyisigaba esivelele kumasampuli ohlobo lwe-Kongo C. kusuka ku-Mbanza Kongo kanye ne-Kindoki, kodwa kulezi zimo amanye amasampula acebile nge-talc ne-mica.
Uhlobo lwe-Kongo D lunokwakheka okuyingqayizivele kwe-mineralogical kuzo zontathu izizinda zemivubukulo.I-Feldspar, ikakhulukazi i-plagioclase, igcwele lolu hlobo lobumba.I-Amphibole ivamise ukuba khona ngobuningi.Imele i-quartz ne-mica.Amanani ahlobene ayahluka phakathi kwamasampuli.I-Talc itholwe ku-amphibole -izingcezu ezicebile zohlobo lweqembu uMbanza Kongo.
Amaminerali ashisayo ayinhloko ahlonzwa ngokuhlaziywa kwe-petrographic yi-quartz, i-feldspar, i-mica ne-amphibole.Izingxube zamadwala zihlanganisa izingcezu ze-metamorphic ephakathi nendawo ephezulu, e-igneous kanye ne-sedimentary rock. kuya kokuhle, ngesilinganiso se-matrix yesifunda ukusuka ku-5% ukuya ku-50%.Izinhlamvu ezishisayo zisukela kokuyindilinga kuye kwe-angular ngaphandle kokuma kokukhetha.
Amaqembu amahlanu e-lithofacies (i-PGa, i-PGb, i-PGc, i-PGd, ne-PGe) ahlukaniswa ngokusekelwe ezinguqukweni zesakhiwo kanye ne-mineralogical. Umfanekiso 5a);Iqembu le-PGb: ingxenye ephezulu ye-matrix epholile (20% -30%), i-matrix eqinile Ukuhlelwa komlilo kubi, izinhlamvu ezithambile ziyi-angular, kanti amatshe e-metamorphic aphakathi nendawo futhi aphezulu anokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-silicate egqinsiwe, i-mica kanye nenkulu. ukufakwa kwamadwala (Fig. 5b);Iqembu le-PGc: ingxenye ephezulu uma kuqhathaniswa ye-matrix emnene (20 -40%), okuhle ukuya kokuhle kakhulu kwentukuthelo, okusanhlamvu okuyindingilizi okuncane kakhulu, okusanhlamvu okuningi kwe-quartz, ama-planar voids (c ku-Fig. 5);Iqembu le-PGd: isilinganiso esiphansi I-matrix epholile (5-20​​%), enezinhlamvu ezincane ezipholile, ukufakwa kwamadwala amakhulu, ukuhlunga okungekuhle, nokuthungwa kahle kwe-matrix (d ku-Fig. 5);kanye neqembu le-PGE: ingxenye ephezulu ye-matrix enomoya (40-50%), okuhle kuya okuhle kakhulu kokuhlelwa kwentukuthelo, osayizi ababili bezinhlamvu ezithambile kanye nokwakheka kwamaminerali ahlukene ngokwemibandela yokushisa (Fig. 5, e) .Umfanekiso 5 ubonisa i-optical emele i-micrograph yeqembu le-petrographic.Izifundo zamehlo zamasampuli ziholele ekusebenzelaneni okuqinile phakathi kokuhlukaniswa kohlobo namasethi e-petrographic, ikakhulukazi kumasampuli asuka ku-Kindoki nase-Ngongo Mbata (bona Isengezo sesi-4 ukuze uthole ama-photomicrographs amelela yonke isethi yesampula).
Ama-micrographs optical amele izingcezu zobumba zase-Kongo Kingdom;ukuxhumana phakathi kwamaqembu e-petrographic kanye ne-typological.(a) Iqembu le-PGa, (b) iqembu le-PGB, (c) iqembu le-PGc, (d) iqembu le-PGd kanye (e) neqembu le-PGe.
Isampula ye-Kindoki Formation ihlanganisa ukwakheka kwedwala okuchazwe kahle okuhlotshaniswa nokwakheka kwe-PGa. Amasampuli ohlobo lwe-Kongo A ahlotshaniswa kakhulu ne-PGb lithofacies, ngaphandle kwesampula yohlobo lwe-Kongo A i-NBC_S.4 Kongo-A esuka e-Ngongo Mbata, ahlobene neqembu le-PGe ekuhleleni.Iningi lamasampula ohlobo lwe-Kongo C asuka e-Kindoki naseNgongo Mbata, kanye namasampula ohlobo lwe-Kongo C MBK_S.21 kanye no-MBK_S.23 avela eMbanza Kongo ayengaweqembu le-PGc. Nokho, uhlobo oluthile lwe-Kongo C. amasampula abonisa izici zezinye izinto.Amasampuli ohlobo lwe-Kongo C MBK_S.17 kanye ne-NBC_S.13 izici zokuthungwa zamanje ezihlobene namaqembu e-PGe.Amasampuli ohlobo lwe-Kongo C MBK_S.3, MBK_S.12 kanye ne-MBK_S.14 akha iqembu elilodwa le-lithofacies PGd, kuyilapho amasampula ohlobo lwe-Kongo C KDK_S.19, KDK_S.20 kanye ne-KDK_S.25 anezakhiwo ezifanayo neqembu le-PGb.Isampula Lohlobo lwe-Kongo C le-MBK_S.14 lingabhekwa njengelingaphandle ngenxa yokuthungwa kwayo okunezimbotshana.Cishe wonke amasampuli angawe Uhlobo lwe-Kongo D luhlotshaniswa ne-PGe lithofacies, ngaphandle kwamasampula ohlobo lwe-Kongo D MBK_S.7 kanye ne-MBK_S.15 avela eMbanza Kongo, abonisa izinhlamvu ezinkulu ezipholile ezinokuqina okuphansi (30%), eduze kweqembu le-PGc.
Amasampula avela ezindaweni ezintathu zemivubukulo ahlaziywa yi-VP-SEM-EDS ukuze abonise ukusatshalaliswa kwezakhi kanye nokunquma ukwakheka okuyinhloko kwe-elementi eyinhloko yezinhlamvu ezinomsindo ngamunye.Idatha ye-EDS ivumela ukuhlonza i-quartz, i-feldspar, i-amphibole, i-iron oxides (i-hematite), i-titanium oxides (isb. i-rutile), i-titanium iron oxides (ilmenite), i-zirconium silicates (zircon) kanye ne-perovskite neosilicates (garnet).I-silica, i-aluminium, i-potassium, i-calcium, i-sodium, i-titanium, i-iron ne-magnesium yizinto ezivame kakhulu zamakhemikhali ku-matrix.I-high consistently high okuqukethwe kwe-magnesium ku-Kindoki Formation kanye nezitsha zohlobo lwe-Kongo A kungachazwa ngokuba khona kwamaminerali obumba we-talc noma we-magnesium.Ngokuvumelana nokuhlaziywa kwe-elemental, izinhlamvu ze-feldspar ikakhulukazi zihambisana ne-potassium feldspar, i-albite, i-oligoclase, futhi ngezinye izikhathi i-labradorite ne-anortite (Isengezo 5, Fig. S8-S10), kuyilapho izinhlamvu ze-amphibole ziyi-tremolite Stone, actinite, esimweni se-Kongo Type A isampula NBC_S.3, itshe leqabunga elibomvu. Umehluko ocacile ubonakala ekubunjweni kwe-amphibole (Fig.6) kuhlobo lwe-Kongo A (tremolite) kanye ne-Kongo D-ceramics (actinite). Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezindaweni ezintathu zemivubukulo, okusanhlamvu kwe-ilmenite kwakuhlotshaniswa eduze namasampuli ohlobo lwe-D. Okuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-manganese kutholakala kuzinhlamvu ze-ilmenite. Nokho. , lokhu akuzange kushintshe indlela yabo evamile yokufaka esikhundleni se-iron-titanium (Fe-Ti) (bona i-Supplementary 5, Fig. S11).
Idatha ye-VP-SEM-EDS.Umdwebo we-ternary obonisa ukwakheka okuhlukile kwe-amphibole phakathi kwamathangi e-Kongo Type A kanye ne-Kongo D kumasampula akhethwe ku-Mbanza Kongo (MBK), i-Kindoki (KDK), ne-Ngongo Mbata (NBC);izimpawu ezibhalwe ngamaqembu ohlobo.
Ngokwemiphumela ye-XRD, i-quartz ne-potassium feldspar kungamaminerali ayinhloko kumasampuli ohlobo lwe-Kongo C, kuyilapho ukuba khona kwe-quartz, i-potassium feldspar, i-albite, i-anorthite ne-tremolite kuyisici samasampuli ohlobo lwe-Kongo A. Amasampula ohlobo lwe-Kongo D abonisa ukuthi i-quartz , i-potassium feldspar, i-albite, i-oligofeldspar, i-ilmenite ne-actinite izakhi zamaminerali eziyinhloko.Uhlobo lwe-Kongo A isampula NBC_S.3 ingabhekwa njengengaphandle ngoba i-plagioclase yayo i-labradorite, i-amphibole i-orthopamphibole, futhi ukuba khona kwe-ilmenite kurekhodiwe.I-Kongo C- uhlobo lwesampula NBC_S.14 futhi iqukethe izinhlamvu ze-ilmenite (Isithasiselo 5, Izibalo S12–S15).
Ukuhlaziywa kwe-XRF kwenziwa kumasampula amele avela ezindaweni ezintathu zemivubukulo ukuze kutholwe amaqembu ezakhi eziyinhloko.Izinto eziqanjiwe eziyinhloko zifakwe kuhlu kuThebula 2.Amasampuli ahlaziywe aboniswe ukuthi anothile nge-silica ne-alumina, nokugxiliswa kwe-calcium oxide ngaphansi kuka-6%. ukuhlushwa kwe-magnesium kubangelwa ukuba khona kwe-talc, ehlobene ngokuphambene nama-oxide e-silicon ne-aluminium oxide.Okuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-sodium oxide ne-calcium oxide kuhambisana nobuningi be-plagioclase.
Amasampula eQembu le-Kindoki atholwe endaweni ye-Kindoki abonise ukunothiswa okuphawulekayo kwe-magnesia (8-10%) ngenxa yokuba khona kwamazinga e-talc.Potassium oxide kuleli qembu lohlobo kusuka ku-1.5 kuya ku-2.5%, kanye ne-sodium (<0.2%) ne-calcium oxide. (< 0.4%) ukugxila bekuphansi.
Ukugxila okuphezulu kwama-iron oxides (7.5–9%) kuyisici esivamile samabhodwe ohlobo lwe-Kongo A. Amasampula ohlobo lwe-Kongo A asuka eMbanza Kongo nase-Kindoki abonise ukugxiliswa okuphezulu kwe-potassium (3.5–4.5%).Okuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-magnesium oxide (3) -5%) ihlukanisa isampula ye-Ngongo Mbata kwamanye amasampuli eqembu lohlobo olufanayo.Uhlobo lwe-Kongo A Isampula NBC_S.4 ibonisa ukugxila okuphezulu kakhulu kwama-iron oxides, ahlotshaniswa nokuba khona kwezigaba zamaminerali amphibole.Uhlobo lwe-Kongo A isampula NBC_S. Oku-3 kubonise ukugxila okuphezulu kwe-manganese (1.25%).
I-silica (60-70%) ibusa ukwakheka kwesampula yohlobo lwe-Kongo C, oluhambisana nokuqukethwe kwe-quartz okunqunywe yi-XRD ne-petrography.Okuqukethwe kwe-sodium ephansi (<0.5%) ne-calcium (0.2-0.6%) kwabonwa. Ukugxiliswa okuphezulu kwe-magnesium oxide (13.9 kanye no-20.7%, ngokulandelana) kanye ne-iron oxide ephansi kumasampuli e-MBK_S.14 kanye ne-KDK_S.20 ahambisana namaminerali amaningi e-talc.Amasampula MBK_S.9 kanye ne-KDK_S.19 yalolu hlobo lweqembu abonise ukugxiliswa kwe-silica okuphansi kanye nokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-sodium, i-magnesium, i-calcium ne-Iron oxide.Ukuhlushwa okuphezulu kwe-titanium dioxide (1.5%) kuhlukanisa isampula Yohlobo C lwe-Kongo MBK_S.9.
Umehluko ekubunjweni kwe-elemential ubonisa amasampula ohlobo lwe-Kongo D, okubonisa okuqukethwe kwe-silica okuphansi kanye nokugxila okuphezulu kakhulu kwe-sodium (1-5%), i-calcium (1-5%), ne-potassium oxide ebangeni lika-44% kuya ku-63% (1- 5%) ngenxa yokuba khona kwe-feldspar.Ngaphezu kwalokho, okuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-titanium dioxide (1-3.5%) kwabonwa kulolu hlobo lweqembu.Okuqukethwe kwe-iron oxide ephezulu yamasampuli ohlobo lwe-Kongo D MBK_S.15, MBK_S.19 kanye ne-NBC_S .23 ihlotshaniswa nokuqukethwe kwe-magnesium oxide ephezulu, ehambisana nokubusa kwe-amphibole.Ukugxila okuphezulu kwe-manganese oxide kutholwe kuwo wonke amasampuli ohlobo lwe-Kongo D.
Idatha ye-elementi eyinhloko ibonise ukuhlobana phakathi kwe-calcium ne-iron oxides emathangeni ohlobo lwe-Kongo A no-D, okwakuhlotshaniswa nokunothiswa kwe-sodium oxide. Mayelana nokwakheka kwe-trace element (Isengezo 6, Ithebula S1), amasampuli amaningi ohlobo lwe-Kongo D ecebile nge-zirconium enokuxhumana okumaphakathi ne-strontium.Isakhiwo se-Rb-Sr (Umfanekiso 7) sibonisa ukuhlangana phakathi kwamathangi e-strontium ne-Kongo D-type, naphakathi kwe-rubidium ne-Kongo A-type tanks.Zombili i-Kindoki Group ne-Kongo Type C ceramics ziqedwe zombili izakhi.(Bheka futhi Isengezo 6, Izibalo S16-S19).
Idatha ye-XRF.Isakhiwo se-scatter i-Rb-Sr, amasampula akhethwe kumabhodwe e-Congo Kingdom, afakwe umbala ngeqembu lohlobo.Igrafu ibonisa ukuhlobana phakathi kwethangi lohlobo lwe-Kongo D ne-strontium naphakathi kwethangi lohlobo lwe-Kongo A kanye ne-rubidium.
Isampula elimele elivela ku-Mbanza Kongo lahlaziywa yi-ICP-MS ukuze kutholwe isici sokulandelela nokwakheka kwesici, kanye nokucwaninga ukusatshalaliswa kwamaphethini e-REE phakathi kwamaqembu ohlobo. Izinto zokulandela umkhondo zichazwe kabanzi kuSithasiselo 7, Ithebula S2.Uhlobo lwe-Kongo Amasampula kanye namasampula ohlobo lwe-Kongo D amasampula MBK_S.7, MBK_S.16, kanye ne-MBK_S.25 acebile nge-thorium.Amathini ohlobo lwe-Kongo A aveza ukugxiliswa okuphezulu kwe-zinc futhi anothiswe nge-rubidium, kuyilapho amathini ohlobo lwe-Kongo D abonisa ukugxila okuphezulu. ye-strontium, eqinisekisa imiphumela ye-XRF (Isithasiselo 7, Izibalo S21–S23). Isakhiwo se-La/Yb-Sm/Yb sibonisa ukuhlobana futhi sibonisa okuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-lanthanum kusampula ye-Kongo D-tank (Umfanekiso 8).
Idatha ye-ICP-MS.Isiqephu se-scatter se-La/Yb-Sm/Yb, amasampuli akhethiwe asuka endaweni yase-Congo Kingdom, afakwe umbala ngohlobo lweqembu.Isampula yohlobo lwe-Kongo C MBK_S.14 ayiboniswa emfanekisweni.
Ama-REE ajwayelekile nge-NASC47 anikezwa ngesimo se-spider plots (Fig. 9) .Imiphumela ibonise ukunothiswa kwezakhi zomhlaba ezingavamile (LREEs), ikakhulukazi kumasampuli asuka ku-Kongo A-type kanye nohlobo lwe-D-tank.I-Kongo Type C ibonise ukuhlukahluka okuphezulu.I-positive europium anomaly iyisici sohlobo lwe-Kongo D, futhi ukungafani okuphezulu kwe-cerium kuwuphawu lohlobo lwe-Kongo A.
Kulolu cwaningo, sihlole iqoqo lezitsha zobumba ezivela ezindaweni ezintathu zemivubukulo yase-Afrika Emaphakathi ezihlotshaniswa noMbuso WaseCongo ongamaqembu ahlukene e-typological, okuyiqembu le-Jindoki nelase-Congo.Iqembu le-Jinduomu limelela inkathi yangaphambili (inkathi yombuso wakuqala) futhi ikhona kuphela. endaweni yemivubukulo yaseJinduomu.Iqembu le-Kongo—izinhlobo ezingu-A, C, no-D—likhona ezindaweni ezintathu zemivubukulo ngesikhathi esisodwa.Umlando weQembu le-King Kong ungalandelelwa emuva enkathini yombuso.Limele inkathi yokuxhumana ne-Europe kanye nokuhwebelana. izimpahla ngaphakathi nangaphandle koMbuso Wase-Congo, njengoba sekunjalo amakhulu eminyaka.Izigxivizo zeminwe zokuhlanganisa nokuthungwa kwamadwala zatholwa kusetshenziswa indlela yokuhlaziya okuningi.Kungokokuqala ngqa ukuthi i-Afrika Ephakathi isebenzise lesi sivumelwano.
Izigxivizo zeminwe zeKindoki Group ezingaguquki zokuqamba kanye nesakhiwo setshe zikhomba emikhiqizweni ye-Kindoki eyingqayizivele.Iqembu le-Kindoki lingase lihlobene nesikhathi lapho i-Nsondi yayiyisifundazwe esizimele se-Seven Congo dia Nlaza28,29.Ukuba khona kwe-talc ne-vermiculite (umkhiqizo wezinga lokushisa eliphansi of talc weathering) kuQembu le-Jinduoji liphakamisa ukusetshenziswa kwezinto zokusetshenziswa zasendaweni, njengoba i-talc ikhona ku-geological matrix yendawo ye-Jinduoji, ku-Schisto-Calcaire Formation 39,40.Izici zendwangu zalolu hlobo lwebhodwe ezibonwa ukuhlaziya ukuthungwa zikhomba ekucutshungulweni kwempahla eluhlaza okungathuthukisiwe.
Amabhodwe ohlobo lwe-Kongo A abonise ukushintshashintsha kwe-intra- kanye ne-inter-site yokuqamba.I-Mbanza Kongo ne-Kindoki ziphezulu nge-potassium ne-calcium oxides, kuyilapho i-Ngongo Mbata ine-magnesium ephezulu. Nokho, ezinye izici ezivamile ziyazihlukanisa kwamanye amaqembu e-typological. ukuhambisana kakhulu kwendwangu, okumakwe nge-mica paste.Ngokungafani nohlobo lwe-Kongo C, babonisa okuqukethwe okuphezulu kakhulu kwe-feldspar, i-amphibole ne-iron oxide.Okuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-mica kanye nokuba khona kwe-amphibole ye-tremolite kuyawahlukanisa nesitsha sohlobo lwe-Kongo D. , lapho kukhonjwa khona i-actinolite amphibole.
I-Kongo Type C iphinde yethule izinguquko ku-mineralogy kanye nokwakheka kwamakhemikhali kanye nezici zendwangu yezindawo ezintathu zemivubukulo naphakathi kwazo.Lokhu kwehluka kubangwa ukuxhashazwa kwanoma iyiphi imithombo yempahla eluhlaza etholakalayo eduze nendawo ngayinye yokukhiqiza/yokusetshenziswa.Nokho, ukufana kwesitayela kwafinyelelwa ngaphezu kwama-tweaks obuchwepheshe bendawo.
Uhlobo lwe-Kongo D luhlobene eduze nokuhlushwa okuphezulu kwe-titanium oxides, okubangelwa ukuba khona kwamaminerali e-ilmenite (I-Supplementary 6, Fig. S20) .Okuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-manganese kwezinhlamvu ze-ilmenite ezihlaziywe kuzihlanganisa ne-manganese ilmenite (Fig. 10), ukwakheka okuyingqayizivele okuhambisana nokwakheka kwe-kimberlite48,49.Ukuba khona kwamadwala ase-Cretaceous continental sedimentary-umthombo wediphozithi yesibili yedayimane kulandela ukuguguleka kwamashubhu e-pre-Cretaceous kimberlite42-kanye nensimu yaseKimberlite ebikiwe yaseKimberlite e-Lower Congo43 iphakamisa ukuthi indawo ebanzi ye-Ngongo Mbata ingase ibe i-Congo (DRC) Umthombo wezinto zokusetshenziswa zokukhiqiza izitsha zobumba zohlobo lwe-D. Lokhu kusekelwa futhi ukutholwa kwe-ilmenite kusampula yoHlobo A lwe-Kongo olulodwa kanye nesampula yohlobo C lwe-Kongo endaweni yase-Ngongo Mbata.
Idatha ye-VP-SEM-EDS.MgO-MnO scatter plot, amasampula akhethiwe asuka ku-Mbanza Kongo (MBK), Kindoki (KDK) kanye ne-Ngongo Mbata (NBC) anezinhlamvu ezikhonjiwe ze-ilmenite, okubonisa i-ferromanganese ye-manganese-titanium esekelwe ocwaningweni luka-Kaminsky no-Belousova Imayini (Mn-ilmenites).
Okungahambi kahle kwe-Europium okubonwe kumodi ye-REE yethangi lohlobo lwe-Kongo D (bona Umfanekiso 9), ikakhulukazi kumasampuli anezinhlamvu ezikhonjiwe ze-ilmenite (isb., MBK_S.4, MBK_S.5, kanye ne-MBK_S.24) , okungenzeka zihlotshaniswe ne-ultrabasic igneous amatshe anothe nge-anorthite futhi agcina i-Eu2+.Lokhu kusatshalaliswa kwe-REE kungase futhi kuchaze ukugxila okuphezulu kwe-strontium okutholakala kumasampula ohlobo lwe-Kongo D (bona u-Fig. 6) ngoba i-strontium ithatha indawo ye-calcium50 ku-Ca mineral lattice.Okuqukethwe kwe-lanthanum okuphezulu (Fig. 8) ) kanye nokunothiswa okuvamile kwama-LREE (Umfanekiso 9) kungase kubangelwe amadwala e-ultrabasic igneous njenge-kimberlite-like geological formations51.
Izici ezikhethekile zokuqanjwa kwezimbiza ezimise okwe-Kongo D ziwaxhuma emthonjeni othize wezinto ezingavuthiwe zemvelo, kanye nokufana kwesakhiwo phakathi kwesizinda salolu hlobo, okubonisa isikhungo esiyingqayizivele sokukhiqiza amabhodwe amise okwe-Kongo D. Ngaphezu kwalokho ukucaciswa kokubunjwa, ukusatshalaliswa kosayizi wezinhlayiyana ezishisayo zohlobo lwe-Kongo D kubangela ama-athikili e-ceramic aqine kakhulu futhi kukhombisa ukucubungula kwempahla eluhlaza ngamabomu nolwazi oluthuthukisiwe lobuchwepheshe ekukhiqizeni i-pottery52.Lesi sici siyingqayizivele futhi sisekela ngokuqhubekayo ukuchazwa kwalolu hlobo njenge umkhiqizo oqondiswe eqenjini elithile labasebenzisi35.Mayelana nalokhu kukhiqizwa, u-Clist et al29 basikisela ukuthi kungenzeka kube umphumela wokusebenzelana phakathi kwabakhi bamathayela abangamaPutukezi nababumbi baseCongo, njengoba lolo lwazi lwalungakaze lubonwe phakathi nombuso nangaphambili.
Ukungabikho kwezigaba zamaminerali ezisanda kwakhiwa kumasampuli avela kuzo zonke izinhlobo zamaqembu kuphakamisa ukusetshenziswa kokushisa okuphansi kokushisa (<950 °C), okubuye kuhambisane nezifundo ze-ethnoarchaeological ezenziwa kule ndawo53,54.Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukungabikho kwe-hematite kanye nombala omnyama wezinye izingcezu zobumba kungenxa yokuncipha kokudubula noma ngemva kokudubula4,55.Izifundo ze-Ethnographic endaweni zibonise izakhiwo zokucubungula ngemva komlilo ngesikhathi sokukhiqiza izitsha zobumba55.Imibala emnyama, etholakala ikakhulukazi ezimbizeni ezimise okwe-Kongo D, zingaba okuhlotshaniswa nabasebenzisi abaqondiwe njengengxenye ye-decor yabo ecebile.Idatha ye-Ethnographic kumongo obanzi wase-Afrika isekela lesi simangalo, njengoba izimbiza ezimnyama zivame ukubhekwa njengezincazelo ezithile ezingokomfanekiso.
Ukugcwala okuphansi kwe-calcium kumasampula, ukungabikho kwama-carbonates kanye/noma izigaba zawo zamaminerali ezisanda kwakhiwa ngenxa yokungabi ne-calcareous kwezitsha zobumba57.Lo mbuzo uthakaselwa ngokukhethekile amasampula anothe nge-talc (ikakhulukazi i-Kindoki Group kanye Izitsha ze-Kongo Type C) ngoba kokubili i-carbonate ne-talc zikhona ku-carbonate-argillaceous assemblage-Neoproterozoic Schisto-Calcaire Group42,43 Mutually.Ukuthola ngamabomu izinhlobo ezithile zezinto zokusetshenziswa ezivela ekwakhekeni okufanayo kwe-geological kubonisa ulwazi lobuchwepheshe oluthuthukisiwe oluhlobene ne ukuziphatha okungalungile kobumba lwe-calcareous lapho luqhunyiswa emazingeni okushisa aphansi.
Ngokungeziwe ekuhlukeni kwe-intra- kanye ne-inter-field yokuqamba kanye nesakhiwo samadwala sobumba lwe-Kongo C, isidingo esikhulu sokusetshenziswa kwe-cookware sisivumele ukuthi sibeke ukukhiqizwa kobumba lwe-Kongo C ezingeni lomphakathi.Noma kunjalo, okuqukethwe kwe-quartz eningi lase-Kongo Amasampula ohlobo lwe-C aphakamisa izinga elithile lokungaguquguquki ekukhiqizeni izitsha zobumba embusweni.Kubonisa ukukhethwa ngokucophelela kwezinto ezingavuthiwe nolwazi oluthuthukisiwe lobuchwepheshe oluhlobene nomsebenzi onekhono nofanele we-Quartz Temper Cooking Pot58.Izinto ezishisayo ze-quartz kanye ne-calcium engenayo zibonisa. ukuthi ukukhetha nokucutshungulwa kwempahla eluhlaza nakho kuncike ezidingweni zokusebenza kwezobuchwepheshe.