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Amasiko obumba abonisa uhlaka lwezomnotho wezenhlalo lwamasiko adlule, kuyilapho ukusatshalaliswa kwendawo kobumba kukhombisa amaphethini okuxhumana kanye nezinqubo zokuxhumana. Izinto zokwakha kanye nesayensi ye-geosciences kusetshenziswa lapha ukunquma ukutholakala, ukukhethwa kanye nokucutshungulwa kwezinto zokusetshenziswa. UMbuso waseCongo, owaziwa emhlabeni wonke kusukela ekupheleni kwekhulu leshumi nanhlanu, ungomunye wezifundazwe ezidumile kakhulu zangaphambilini e-Afrika Ephakathi. Nakuba ucwaningo oluningi lomlando luncike emlandweni wase-Afrika naseYurophu okhulunywayo nobhaliwe, kusenezikhala ezinkulu ekuqondeni kwethu kwamanje kwale yunithi yezepolitiki. Lapha sinikeza ukuqonda okusha ngokukhiqizwa kanye nokusakazwa kobumba eMbusweni waseCongo. Senza izindlela eziningi zokuhlaziya kumasampula akhethiwe, okungukuthi i-XRD, i-TGA, ukuhlaziywa kwe-petrographic, i-XRF, i-VP-SEM-EDS kanye ne-ICP-MS, sinqume izici zazo ze-petrographic, i-mineralological kanye ne-geochemical. Imiphumela yethu isivumela ukuthi sixhumanise izinto zakudala nezinto zemvelo futhi sisungule amasiko obumba. Sithole amathempulethi okukhiqiza, amaphethini okushintshana, izinqubo zokusabalalisa kanye nokusebenzisana kwezimpahla ezisezingeni eliphezulu ngokusatshalaliswa kolwazi lobuchwepheshe. Okutholakele kwethu kusikisela ukuthi ukuhlanganiswa kwezepolitiki esifundeni saseLower Congo e-Afrika Ephakathi kunomthelela oqondile ekukhiqizweni nasekusakazweni kobumba. Thina sithemba ukuthi ucwaningo lwethu luzohlinzeka ngesisekelo esihle sezifundo ezengeziwe zokuqhathanisa ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nesimo salesi sifunda.
Ukwenziwa nokusetshenziswa kwezitsha zobumba kube ngumsebenzi oyinhloko emasikweni amaningi, futhi umongo wazo wezenhlalo nezepolitiki ube nomthelela omkhulu ekuhleleni ukukhiqiza kanye nenqubo yokwenza lezi zinto1,2.Ngaphakathi kwalolu hlaka, ucwaningo lwe-ceramic lungathuthukisa ukuqonda kwethu imiphakathi yangaphambilini3,4.Ngokuhlola izitsha zobumba zakudala, singaxhumanisa izakhiwo zazo namasiko athile e-ceramic kanye namaphethini alandelayo okukhiqiza1,4,5.Njengoba kuboniswe nguMatson6, ngokusekelwe emvelweni ye-ceramic, ukukhetha izinto zokusetshenziswa kuhlobene nokutholakala kwendawo kwezinsiza zemvelo.Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma kucatshangelwa izifundo ezahlukahlukene ze-ethnography, i-Whitbread2 ibhekisela emathubeni angu-84% okuthuthukiswa kwezinsiza ngaphakathi kwerediyasi engu-7km yemvelaphi ye-ceramic, uma kuqhathaniswa namathuba angu-80% ngaphakathi kwerediyasi engu-3km e-Afrika7.Kodwa-ke, kubalulekile ukungakunaki ukuncika kwezinhlangano zokukhiqiza ezintweni zobuchwepheshe2,3.Ukukhetha kobuchwepheshe kungaphenywa ngokuphenya ubudlelwano phakathi kwezinto, amasu kanye nolwazi lobuchwepheshe3,8,9.Uhlu lwezinketho ezinjalo lungachaza isiko elithile le-ceramic.Kuleli qophelo, ukuhlanganiswa kwezinto zakudala ocwaningweni kube negalelo kakhulu ekuqondeni kangcono imiphakathi yangaphambilini3,10,11,12. Ukusetshenziswa kwezindlela eziningi zokuhlaziya kungaphendula imibuzo mayelana nazo zonke izigaba ezihilelekile ekusebenzeni kweketanga, njengokuthuthukiswa kwezinsiza zemvelo kanye nokukhethwa kwezinto zokusetshenziswa, ukuthengwa kanye nokucutshungulwa3,10,11,12.
Lolu cwaningo lugxile eMbusweni waseCongo, enye yezombusazwe ezinethonya kakhulu ezathuthukiswa e-Afrika Ephakathi. Ngaphambi kokufika kombuso wanamuhla, i-Afrika Ephakathi yayine-mosaic eyinkimbinkimbi yezenhlalo nezepolitiki ebonakala ngomehluko omkhulu wamasiko nezepolitiki, enezakhiwo ezisukela ezigabeni zezepolitiki ezincane nezihlukene kuya ezigabeni zezepolitiki eziyinkimbinkimbi nezigxile kakhulu13,14,15. Kulesi simo sezenhlalo nezepolitiki, uMbuso waseCongo kucatshangwa ukuthi wakhiwa ngekhulu le-14 yizinhlangano ezintathu ezihlangene 16, 17. Ngesikhathi sokuchuma kwawo, wawumboze indawo ecishe ilingane nendawo ephakathi koLwandlekazi i-Atlantic entshonalanga yeDemocratic Republic of Congo (DRC) yanamuhla noMfula iCuango empumalanga, kanye nendawo yenyakatho ye-Angola namuhla. I-Latitude yeLuanda. Yadlala indima ebalulekile esifundeni esibanzi ngesikhathi sokuchuma kwayo futhi yabhekana nentuthuko eya ebunzimeni obukhulu kanye nokuhlanganiswa ndawonye kuze kube yi-14, 18, 19, 20, 21 yekhulu le-18. Ukuhlukaniswa kwezenhlalo, imali evamile, intela izinhlelo, ukwabiwa kwezisebenzi ezithile, kanye nokuhweba ngezigqila18, 19 kubonisa imodeli ka-Earle yomnotho wezepolitiki22. Kusukela ekusungulweni kwayo kuze kube sekupheleni kwekhulu le-17, uMbuso waseCongo wanda kakhulu, futhi kusukela ngo-1483 kuqhubeke wakha ubudlelwano obuqinile neYurophu, futhi ngale ndlela wahlanganyela ekuhwebeni kwe-Atlantic 18, 19, 20, 23, 24, 25 (okuningiliziwe Bheka iSithasiselo 1) ukuthola ulwazi lomlando.
Izindlela zezinto zokwakha kanye nesayensi ye-geosciences zisetshenziswe ezintweni zobuciko zobumba ezivela ezindaweni ezintathu zemivubukulo eMbusweni waseCongo, lapho kuye kwavubukulwa khona eminyakeni eyishumi edlule, okungukuthi iMbanza Kongo e-Angola kanye neKindoki kanye neNgongo Mbata eDemocratic Republic of Congo (Umfanekiso 1) (bheka Ithebula Elingeziwe 1). 2 kudatha yemivubukulo). I-Mbanza Congo, esanda kubhalwa ohlwini lwe-UNESCO World Heritage, itholakala esifundazweni saseMpemba sombuso wasendulo. Itholakala ethafeni eliphakathi nendawo lapho kuhlangana khona imizila yokuhweba ebaluleke kakhulu, yayiyinhloko-dolobha yezepolitiki nezokuphatha yombuso kanye nesihlalo sobukhosi senkosi. I-Kindoki ne-Ngongo Mbata zitholakala ezifundazweni zaseNsundi naseMbata, ngokulandelana, okungenzeka ukuthi zaziyingxenye yemibuso eyisikhombisa yaseKongo dia Nlaza ngaphambi kokuba umbuso umiswe - enye yezombusazwe ezihlangene28,29. Zombili zadlala indima ebalulekile kuwo wonke umlando wombuso17. Izindawo zemivubukulo zaseKindoki naseNgongo Mbata zitholakala eSigodini sase-Inkisi engxenyeni esenyakatho yombuso futhi zazingenye yezindawo zokuqala ezanqotshwa obaba abasungula umbuso. I-Mbanza Nsundi, inhloko-dolobha yesifundazwe enamanxiwa aseJindoki, ibilokhu ibuswa ngabalandela amakhosi aseCongo kamuva 17, 18, 30. Isifundazwe saseMbata sitholakala kakhulu 31 empumalanga ye UMfula i-Inkisi. Ababusi baseMbata (futhi ngezinga elithile eSoyo) banelungelo lomlando lokuba yibo kuphela abakhethwa ezikhulwini zendawo ngokulandelana, hhayi kwezinye izifundazwe lapho ababusi beqokwa khona umndeni wasebukhosini, okusho ukuthi imali eningi itholakala. Nakuba ingeyona inhloko-dolobha yesifundazwe saseMbata, iNgongo Mbata yadlala indima ebalulekile okungenani ngekhulu le-17. Ngenxa yesikhundla sayo esibalulekile kunethiwekhi yezohwebo, iNgongo Mbata inegalelo ekuthuthukisweni kwesifundazwe njengemakethe yokuhweba ebalulekile16,17,18,26,31,32.
UMbuso waseCongo kanye nezifundazwe zawo eziyisithupha eziyinhloko (iMpemba, iNsondi, iMbata, iSoyo, iMbamba, iMpangu) ngekhulu leshumi nesithupha neleshumi nesikhombisa. Izindawo ezintathu okuxoxwe ngazo kulolu cwaningo (iMbanza Kongo, iKindoki kanye neNgongo Mbata) ziboniswe kumephu.
Kuze kube yiminyaka eyishumi edlule, ulwazi lwemivubukulo ngoMbuso waseCongo lwalulinganiselwe.33. Ukuqonda okuningi ngomlando wombuso kusekelwe emasikweni omlomo endawo kanye nemithombo ebhaliwe evela e-Afrika naseYurophu.16,17. Ukulandelana kwezikhathi esifundeni saseCongo kuhlukene futhi akuphelele ngenxa yokuntuleka kwezifundo zemivubukulo ezihlelekile.34. Ukumba kwezinto zakudala kusukela ngo-2011 kuhlose ukugcwalisa lezi zikhala futhi kwembule izakhiwo ezibalulekile, izici kanye nezinto zobuciko.Kulezi zinto ezitholakele, izimbiza ngokungangabazeki zibaluleke kakhulu.29,30,31,32,35,36.Ngokuphathelene neNkathi Yensimbi e-Afrika Ephakathi, amaphrojekthi emivubukulo njengamanje ayivelakancane kakhulu.
Sethula imiphumela yokuhlaziywa kwe-mineralogy, geochemical kanye ne-petrological kweqoqo lezingcezu zobumba ezivela ezindaweni ezintathu ezivubukulwe eMbusweni waseCongo (bheka idatha yemivubukulo ku-Supplementary Material 2). Amasampula ayengezinhlobo ezine zobumba (Isithombe 2), eyodwa evela ku-Jindoji Formation kanti ezintathu ezivela ku-King Kong Formation 30, 31, 35. Iqembu le-Kindoki lisukela esikhathini soMbuso Wokuqala (ikhulu le-14 kuya maphakathi nekhulu le-15). Ezindaweni okuxoxwe ngazo kulolu cwaningo, i-Kindoki (n = 31) kwakuyindawo kuphela eyabonisa ukuqoqwa kweqembu le-Kindoki30,35. Izinhlobo ezintathu zamaqembu e-Kongo - Uhlobo A, Uhlobo C, kanye nohlobo D - zisukela embusweni wakamuva (ikhulu le-16-18) futhi zikhona ngesikhathi esisodwa ezindaweni ezintathu zemivubukulo ezicatshangelwe lapha30, 31, 35. Izimbiza zohlobo C zaseKongo ziyizimbiza zokupheka eziningi kuzo zonke izindawo ezintathu35. Ipani lohlobo lwe-Kongo A lingasetshenziswa njengepani lokuphakela, elimelelwa yizingcezu ezimbalwa kuphela30, 31, 35. Izitsha zobumba zohlobo lwe-Kongo D kufanele zisetshenziswe kuphela ekhaya - njengoba zingakaze zitholakale emathuneni kuze kube manje - futhi zihlotshaniswa neqembu elithile labasebenzisi abakhethekile 30,31,35. Izingcezu zazo nazo zivela ngamanani amancane kuphela. Izimbiza zohlobo A no-D zibonise ukusatshalaliswa okufanayo kwendawo ezindaweni zaseKindoki naseNgongo Mbata 30,31. ENgongo Mbata, kuze kube manje, kunezingcezu zohlobo C lwe-Kongo ezingu-37,013, lapho kunezingcezu zohlobo A ze-Kongo ezingu-193 kuphela kanye nezingcezu zohlobo D31 ze-Kongo ezingu-168.
Imifanekiso yezinhlobo ezine zamaqembu ezitsha zobumba zaseCongo Kingdom okuxoxwe ngazo kulolu cwaningo (Iqembu leKindoki kanye neqembu leKongo: Izinhlobo A, C, kanye no-D); umfanekiso ocacile wokubonakala kwazo ngokulandelana kwezikhathi endaweni ngayinye yemivubukulo iMbanza Kongo, iKindoki kanye neNgongo Mbata.
I-X-ray Diffraction (XRD), i-Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), i-Petrographic Analysis, i-Variable Pressure Scanning Electron Microscopy ene-Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (VP-SEM-EDS), i-X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy (XRF) kanye ne-Inductively Coupled Plasma Coupled mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) isetshenziswe ukubhekana nemibuzo mayelana nemithombo engaba khona yezinto zokusetshenziswa kanye namasu okukhiqiza. Inhloso yethu ukuhlonza amasiko e-ceramic nokuwaxhumanisa nezindlela ezithile zokukhiqiza, ngaleyo ndlela sinikeze umbono omusha ngesakhiwo senhlalo senye yezinhlangano zezombusazwe ezivelele kakhulu e-Afrika Ephakathi.
Indaba yoMbuso waseCongo iyinselele kakhulu ezifundweni zomthombo ngenxa yokwehlukahlukana kanye nokucaciswa kokubonakaliswa kwendawo (Isithombe 3). I-geology yesifunda ingabonakala ngokuba khona kwe-sedimentary geological sedimentary kanye ne-metamorphic sequences kancane kuya kokungaguquki okwaziwa ngokuthi i-Western Congo Supergroup. Endleleni engezansi-phezulu, ukulandelana kuqala ngokushintshana kwe-quartzite-claystone structures ku-Sansikwa Formation, kulandelwe yi-Haut Shiloango Formation, ebonakala ngokuba khona kwe-stromatolite carbonates, kanti eDemocratic Republic of Congo, amaseli omhlaba e-silica Diatomaceous atholakala eduze kwephansi naphezulu kweqembu. I-Neoproterozoic Schisto-Calcaire Group iyinhlanganisela ye-carbonate-argillite ene-Cu-Pb-Zn mineralization ethile. Lokhu kwakheka kwe-geological kubonisa inqubo engavamile ngokusebenzisa i-diagenesis ebuthakathaka yobumba lwe-magnesia noma ukuguqulwa okuncane kwe-dolomite ekhiqiza i-talc. Lokhu kuphumela ekubeni khona kwemithombo yamaminerali ye-calcium ne-talc. Iyunithi imbozwe yi-Precambrian Schisto-Greseux Group equkethe imibhede ebomvu enezihlabathi ezi-argillaceous.
Imephu ye-geological yendawo yocwaningo. Izindawo ezintathu zemivubukulo ziboniswe kumephu (iMbanza Congo, iJindoki kanye neNgongombata). Indilinga ezungeze indawo imele i-radius engamakhilomitha ayi-7, okuhambisana nethuba lokusetshenziswa komthombo elingu-84%. Imephu ibhekisela eDemocratic Republic of the Congo kanye ne-Angola, futhi imingcele iphawulwe. Amamephu e-geological (amafayela ezimo ku-Supplement 11) adalwe kusofthiwe ye-ArcGIS Pro 2.9.1 (iwebhusayithi: https://www.arcgis.com/), ebhekisela ku-Angolan41 kanye ne-Congolan42,65 Amamephu e-geological (amafayela e-raster), kusetshenziswa izindinganiso ezahlukene zokubhala.
Ngaphezulu kokungaqhubeki kwe-sedimentary, amayunithi e-Cretaceous aqukethe amatshe e-sedimentary e-continental njenge-sandstone kanye ne-claystone. Eduze, lokhu kwakheka kwe-geological kwaziwa njengomthombo wesibili wedayimane ngemva kokuguguleka yi-Early Cretaceous kimberlite tubes41,42. Awekho amanye amatshe e-igneous kanye ne-high-grade metamorphic abikiwe kule ndawo.
Indawo ezungeze iMbanza Kongo ibonakala ngokuba khona kwama-clastic kanye nama-chemical deposits ku-Precambrian strata, ikakhulukazi i-limestone kanye ne-dolomite evela ku-Schisto-Calcaire Formation kanye ne-slate, i-quartzite kanye ne-ashwag evela ku-Haut Shiloango Formation41. Iyunithi ye-geological eseduze kakhulu nendawo ye-Jindoji yemivubukulo yi-Holocene alluvial sedimentary rock kanye ne-limestone, i-slate kanye ne-chert embozwe yi-feldspar quartzite ye-Precambrian Schisto-Greseux Group. I-Ngongo Mbata itholakala ebhande elincane ledwala le-Schisto-Greseux phakathi kwe-Schisto-Calcaire Group endala kanye ne-Cretaceous red sandstone eseduze42. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umthombo we-Kimberlite obizwa nge-Kimpangu ubikwe endaweni ebanzi ye-Ngongo Mbata eduze kwe-craton esifundeni sase-Lower Congo.
Imiphumela yokulinganisa okuncane yezigaba eziyinhloko zamaminerali ezitholwe yi-XRD iboniswe kuThebula 1, kanti amaphethini e-XRD amele aboniswe kuMfanekiso 4. I-Quartz (SiO2) yisigaba esiyinhloko samaminerali, esihlotshaniswa njalo ne-potassium feldspar (KAlSi3O8) kanye ne-mica.[Isibonelo, i-KAl2(Si3Al)O12(OH)2], kanye/noma i-talc [Mg3Si4O10(OH)2]. Amaminerali e-plagioclase [XAl(1–2)Si(3–2)O8, X = Na noma i-Ca] (okungukuthi i-sodium kanye/noma i-anorthite) kanye ne-amphibole [(X)(0–3)[(Z )(5– 7)(Si, Al)8O22(O,OH,F)2, X = Ca2+, Na+, K+, Z = Mg2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Mn2+, Al, Ti] yizigaba ezihambisanayo zekristalu, Ngokuvamile kukhona i-mica. I-Amphibole ivame ukungabikho ku- i-talc.
Amaphethini e-XRD amele izitsha zobumba zaseKongo Kingdom, asekelwe ezigabeni ezinkulu zekristalu, ahambisana namaqembu ohlobo: (i) izingxenye ezicebile nge-talc ezitholakale kumasampula e-Kindoki Group kanye ne-Kongo Type C, (ii) i-talc ecebile etholakale kumasampula izingxenye eziqukethe i-Quartz amasampula e-Kindoki Group kanye ne-Kongo Type C, (iii) izingxenye ezicebile nge-feldspar kumasampula e-Kongo Type A kanye ne-Kongo D, (iv) izingxenye ezicebile nge-mica kumasampula e-Kongo Type A kanye ne-Kongo D, (v) Izingxenye ezicebile nge-Amphibole zitholakale kumasampula avela ku-Kongo Type A kanye ne-Kongo Type DQ quartz, Pl plagioclase, noma i-potassium feldspar, Am amphibole, Mca mica, Tlc talc, Vrm vermiculite.
Ama-spectra e-XRD angahlukaniseki e-talc Mg3Si4O10(OH)2 kanye ne-pyrophyllite Al2Si4O10(OH)2 adinga indlela ehambisanayo yokuhlonza ukuba khona kwazo, ukungabikho noma ukuhlala ndawonye okungenzeka. I-TGA yenziwe kumasampula amathathu amele (MBK_S.14, KDK_S.13 kanye ne-KDK_S.20). Ama-TG curve (Isithasiselo 3) ayehambisana nokuba khona kwesigaba samaminerali se-talc kanye nokungabikho kwe-pyrophyllite. Ukuqhekeka kwe-dehydroxylation kanye nokubola kwesakhiwo okubonwe phakathi kuka-850 no-1000 °C kuhambisana ne-talc. Akukho ukulahlekelwa kwesisindo okubonwe phakathi kuka-650 no-850 °C, okubonisa ukungabikho kwe-pyrophyllite44.
Njengesigaba esincane, i-vermiculite [(Mg, Fe+2, Fe+3)3[(Al, Si)4O10](OH)2 4H2O], enqunywa ngokuhlaziywa kwama-aggregates aqondiswe kumasampula amele, i-peak Etholakala ku-16-7 Å, etholakala kakhulu kumasampula e-Kindoki Group kanye ne-Kongo Group Type A.
Amasampula ohlobo lweKindoki Group atholakale endaweni ebanzi ezungeze iKindoki abonise ukwakheka kwamaminerali okubonakala ngokuba khona kwe-talc, ubuningi be-quartz ne-mica, kanye nokuba khona kwe-potassium feldspar.
Ukwakheka kwamaminerali kwamasampula ohlobo lwe-Kongo kubonakala ngokuba khona kwenani elikhulu lama-quartz-mica pair ngokulingana okuhlukahlukene kanye nokuba khona kwe-potassium feldspar, i-plagioclase, i-amphibole, kanye ne-mica. Ubuningi be-amphibole kanye ne-feldspar buphawula leli qembu lohlobo, ikakhulukazi kumasampula ohlobo lwe-Congo A eJindoki naseNgongombata.
Amasampula ohlobo C lwaseKongo abonisa ukwakheka okuhlukahlukene kwamaminerali ngaphakathi kweqembu lohlobo, okuncike kakhulu endaweni yemivubukulo. Amasampula avela kuNgongo Mbata acebile nge-quartz futhi abonisa ukwakheka okufanayo. I-Quartz futhi iyisigaba esivelele kumasampula ohlobo C lwaseKongo avela kuMbanza Kongo naseKindoki, kodwa kulezi zimo amanye amasampula acebile nge-talc kanye ne-mica.
Uhlobo lweKongo D lunokwakheka okuhlukile kwe-mineralological kuzo zonke izindawo ezintathu zemivubukulo. I-Feldspar, ikakhulukazi i-plagioclase, itholakala kakhulu kulolu hlobo lwezitsha zobumba. I-Amphibole ivame ukuba khona ngobuningi. Imele i-quartz ne-mica. Amanani ahlobene ayahlukahluka phakathi kwamasampula. I-Talc itholakale ezingcezwini ezicebile nge-amphibole zohlobo lweqembu i-Mbanza Kongo.
Amaminerali aqinile ahlonzwe ngokuhlaziywa kwe-petrographic yi-quartz, i-feldspar, i-mica kanye ne-amphibole. Ukufakwa kwamadwala kuqukethe izingcezu zamadwala aphakathi nendawo naphezulu aguquguqukayo, angenawo umoya kanye nalawo angenawo umoya. Idatha yendwangu etholwe kusetshenziswa ishadi lokubhekisela le-Orton45 ikhombisa izinga lesimo kusukela kokubi kuya kokuhle, kanye nesilinganiso se-matrix yesimo kusukela ku-5% kuya ku-50%. Izinhlamvu eziqinile zisukela kokuyindilinga kuya kokuyindilinga ngaphandle kokuqondiswa okukhethekile.
Amaqembu amahlanu e-lithofacies (i-PGa, i-PGb, i-PGc, i-PGd, kanye ne-PGe) ahlukaniswa ngokusekelwe ezinguqukweni zesakhiwo kanye neze-mineralological. Iqembu le-PGa: i-matrix eshisiwe ephansi (5-10%), i-matrix encane, enezinhlanganisela ezinkulu zamatshe e-sedimentary metamorphic (Isithombe 5a); Iqembu le-PGb: ingxenye ephezulu ye-matrix eshisiwe (20%-30%), i-matrix eshisiwe Ukuhlunga komlilo kubi, izinhlamvu ezishisiwe ziyi-angular, kanti amadwala e-metamorphic aphakathi naphezulu anokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-layered silicate, i-mica kanye ne-large rock inclusions (Isithombe 5b); Iqembu le-PGc: ingxenye ephezulu ye-matrix eshisiwe (20-40%), ukuhlunga okuhle kuya kokuhle kakhulu kwe-temperament, izinhlamvu ezincane kuya kwezincane kakhulu ezishisiwe, izinhlamvu eziningi ze-quartz, izikhala ezihleliwe ngezikhathi ezithile (c ku-Isithombe 5); Iqembu le-PGd: isilinganiso esiphansi I-matrix eshisiwe (5-20​​​​%), enezinhlamvu ezincane ezishisiwe, i-large rock inclusions, ukuhlunga okubi, kanye nokuthungwa kwe-matrix encane (d ku-Isithombe 5); kanye neqembu le-PGe: isilinganiso esiphezulu se-matrix eqinisiwe (40-50%), ukuhlunga okuhle kakhulu kwesimo sezulu, osayizi ababili bezinhlamvu eziqinisiwe kanye nokwakheka okuhlukile kwamaminerali ngokwesimo sezulu (Isithombe 5, e). Isibalo 5 sibonisa i-micrograph ye-optical emele iqembu le-petrographic. Izifundo ze-optical zamasampula ziholele ekuhlobaneni okuqinile phakathi kokuhlukaniswa kohlobo kanye namasethi e-petrographic, ikakhulukazi kumasampula avela ku-Kindoki no-Ngongo Mbata (bheka i-Supplementary 4 ukuthola ama-photomicrograph amele isethi yonke yesampula).
Ama-micrograph abonakalayo amele izingcezu zobumba zaseKongo Kingdom; ukuxhumana phakathi kwamaqembu e-petrographic kanye namaqembu e-typological.(a) Iqembu le-PGa, (b) Iqembu le-PGB, (c) Iqembu le-PGc, (d) Iqembu le-PGd kanye (e) Iqembu le-PGe.
Isampula ye-Kindoki Formation ifaka ukwakheka kwamatshe okuchazwe kahle okuhlobene nokwakheka kwe-PGa. Amasampula ohlobo lwe-Kongo A ahlobene kakhulu nama-lithofacies e-PGb, ngaphandle kwesampula yohlobo lwe-Kongo A i-NBC_S.4 Kongo-A evela ku-Ngongo Mbata, ehlobene neqembu le-PGe ngokulandelana. Iningi lamasampula ohlobo lwe-Kongo C avela ku-Kindoki kanye ne-Ngongo Mbata, kanye namasampula ohlobo lwe-Kongo C i-MBK_S.21 kanye ne-MBK_S.23 evela ku-Mbanza Kongo ayengoweqembu le-PGc. Kodwa-ke, amasampula amaningana ohlobo lwe-Kongo C abonisa izici zezinye i-lithofacies. Amasampula ohlobo lwe-Kongo C i-MBK_S.17 kanye ne-NBC_S.13 abonisa izimfanelo zokuthungwa ezihlobene namaqembu e-PGe. Amasampula ohlobo lwe-Kongo C i-MBK_S.3, i-MBK_S.12 kanye ne-MBK_S.14 akha iqembu elilodwa le-lithofacies i-PGd, kuyilapho amasampula ohlobo lwe-Kongo C i-KDK_S.19, i-KDK_S.20 kanye ne-KDK_S.25 zinezakhiwo ezifanayo neqembu le-PGb. Isampula yohlobo C lwe-Kongo i-MBK_S.14 ingabhekwa njengengaphandle ngenxa yokuthungwa kwayo okunezimbobo. Cishe wonke amasampula angohlobo lwe-Kongo D ahlotshaniswa nama-lithofacies e-PGe, ngaphandle kwamasampula ohlobo lwe-Kongo D i-MBK_S.7 kanye ne-MBK_S.15 avela ku-Mbanza Kongo, abonisa okusanhlamvu okukhulu okunobukhulu obuphansi (30%), eduze neqembu le-PGc.
Amasampula avela ezindaweni ezintathu zemivubukulo ahlaziywe yi-VP-SEM-EDS ukuze kuboniswe ukusatshalaliswa kwezinto eziyisisekelo kanye nokunquma ukwakheka kwezinto eziyisisekelo eziyinhloko zezinhlamvu ezishisiwe ngazinye. Idatha ye-EDS ivumela ukuhlonza i-quartz, i-feldspar, i-amphibole, i-iron oxides (i-hematite), i-titanium oxides (isb. i-rutile), i-titanium iron oxides (i-ilmenite), i-zirconium silicates (i-zircon) kanye ne-perovskite neosilicates (i-garnet). I-Silica, i-aluminium, i-potassium, i-calcium, i-sodium, i-titanium, i-iron kanye ne-magnesium yizinto ezivame kakhulu zamakhemikhali ku-matrix. Okuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-magnesium njalo ku-Kindoki Formation kanye ne-Kongo A-type basin kungachazwa ngokuba khona kwamaminerali obumba e-talc noma e-magnesium. Ngokusho kokuhlaziywa kwezinto eziyisisekelo, izinhlamvu ze-feldspar zihambisana kakhulu ne-potassium feldspar, i-albite, i-oligoclase, futhi ngezinye izikhathi i-labradorite kanye ne-anorthite (Isithasiselo 5, Umfanekiso S8–S10), kuyilapho izinhlamvu ze-amphibole ziyi-tremolite Stone, i-actinite, esimweni se-Kongo Type A. isampula i-NBC_S.3, itshe elibomvu. Umehluko ocacile uyabonakala ekwakhiweni kwe-amphibole (Isithombe 6) ku-Kongo A-type (tremolite) kanye ne-Kongo D-type ceramics (actinite). Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezindaweni ezintathu zemivubukulo, okusanhlamvu kwe-ilmenite kwakuhlotshaniswa eduze namasampula ohlobo lwe-D. Okuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-manganese kutholakala ezinhlamvini ze-ilmenite. Kodwa-ke, lokhu akuzange kushintshe indlela yabo evamile yokufaka esikhundleni se-iron-titanium (Fe-Ti) (bheka i-Supplementary 5, Isithombe S11).
Idatha ye-VP-SEM-EDS. Umdwebo we-ternary obonisa ukwakheka okuhlukile kwe-amphibole phakathi kwamathangi e-Kongo Type A ne-Kongo D kumasampula akhethwe ku-Mbanza Kongo (MBK), Kindoki (KDK), kanye ne-Ngongo Mbata (NBC); izimpawu ezifakwe ikhodi ngamaqembu ohlobo.
Ngokusho kwemiphumela ye-XRD, i-quartz kanye ne-potassium feldspar yizona zimbiwa eziyinhloko kumasampula ohlobo C lwaseKongo, kuyilapho ukuba khona kwe-quartz, i-potassium feldspar, i-albite, i-anorthite kanye ne-tremolite kuyisici samasampula ohlobo A lwaseKongo. Amasampula ohlobo D lwaseKongo abonisa ukuthi i-quartz, i-potassium feldspar, i-albite, i-oligofeldspar, i-ilmenite kanye ne-actinite yizona zimbiwa eziyinhloko. Isampula yohlobo A lwaseKongo i-NBC_S.3 ingabhekwa njengengaphandle ngoba i-plagioclase yayo yi-labradorite, i-amphibole iyi-orthopamphibole, kanti ukuba khona kwe-ilmenite kuyaqoshwa. Isampula yohlobo C lwaseKongo i-NBC_S.14 iqukethe nezinhlamvu ze-ilmenite (Isengezo 5, Izibalo S12–S15).
Ukuhlaziywa kwe-XRF kwenziwe kumasampula amele avela ezindaweni ezintathu zemivubukulo ukuze kutholakale amaqembu amakhulu ezinto. Ukwakheka kwezakhi eziyinhloko kubhalwe kuThebula 2. Amasampula ahlaziyiwe aboniswe ecebile nge-silica ne-alumina, kanye nokuhlushwa kwe-calcium oxide ngaphansi kuka-6%. Ukuhlushwa okuphezulu kwe-magnesium kubangelwa ukuba khona kwe-talc, okuhlobene kakhulu nama-oxide e-silicon ne-aluminium oxide. Okuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-sodium oxide ne-calcium oxide kuhambisana nobuningi be-plagioclase.
Amasampula eKindoki Group atholwe endaweni yeKindoki abonise ukunotha okukhulu kwe-magnesia (8-10%) ngenxa yokuba khona kwe-talc. Amazinga e-potassium oxide kuleli qembu asukela ku-1.5 kuya ku-2.5%, kanti amazinga e-sodium (< 0.2%) kanye ne-calcium oxide (< 0.4%) ayephansi.
Amazinga aphezulu e-iron oxides (7.5–9%) ayisici esivamile sezimbiza zohlobo lwe-Kongo A. Amasampula ohlobo lwe-Kongo A avela ku-Mbanza Kongo nase-Kindoki abonise amazinga aphezulu e-potassium (3.5–4.5%). Okuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-magnesium oxide (3–5%) kuhlukanisa isampula ye-Ngongo Mbata kwamanye amasampula ohlobo olufanayo. Isampula yohlobo lwe-Kongo A i-NBC_S.4 ibonisa amazinga aphezulu kakhulu e-iron oxides, ahlotshaniswa nokuba khona kwezigaba zamaminerali e-amphibole. Isampula yohlobo lwe-Kongo A i-NBC_S.3 ibonise amazinga aphezulu e-manganese (1.25%).
I-Silica (60-70%) ibusa ukwakheka kwesampula yohlobo lwe-Kongo C, ehambisana nokuqukethwe kwe-quartz okunqunywe yi-XRD kanye ne-petrography. Okuqukethwe kwe-sodium ephansi (< 0.5%) kanye ne-calcium (0.2–0.6%) kwabonwa. Amazinga aphezulu e-magnesium oxide (13.9 kanye no-20.7%, ngokulandelana) kanye ne-iron oxide ephansi kumasampula e-MBK_S.14 kanye ne-KDK_S.20 ahambisana namaminerali amaningi e-talc. Amasampula e-MBK_S.9 kanye ne-KDK_S.19 alolu hlobo abonise amazinga aphansi e-silica kanye nokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-sodium, i-magnesium, i-calcium kanye ne-Iron oxide. Amazinga aphezulu e-titanium dioxide (1.5%) ahlukanisa isampula yohlobo lwe-Kongo C MBK_S.9.
Umehluko ekubunjweni kwezinto eziyisisekelo ubonisa amasampula ohlobo lwe-Kongo D, okubonisa okuqukethwe okuphansi kwe-silica kanye nokuhlushwa okuphezulu kwe-sodium (1-5%), i-calcium (1-5%), kanye ne-potassium oxide ebangeni eliphakathi kuka-44% kuya ku-63% (1-5%) ngenxa yokuba khona kwe-feldspar. Ngaphezu kwalokho, okuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-titanium dioxide (1-3.5%) kwabonwa kulolu hlobo lweqembu. Okuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-iron oxide kwamasampula ohlobo lwe-Kongo D i-MBK_S.15, i-MBK_S.19 kanye ne-NBC_S.23 kuhlotshaniswa nokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-magnesium oxide, okuhambisana nokubusa kwe-amphibole. Ukuhlushwa okuphezulu kwe-manganese oxide kwatholakala kuzo zonke amasampula ohlobo lwe-Kongo D.
Idatha yesakhi esiyinhloko ibonise ukuhlangana phakathi kwe-calcium ne-iron oxides emathangini ohlobo lwe-Kongo A no-D, okwakuhlotshaniswa nokucebisa i-sodium oxide. Ngokuphathelene nokwakheka kwesakhi esilandelwayo (Okungeziwe 6, Ithebula S1), amasampula amaningi ohlobo lwe-Kongo D acebile nge-zirconium enobudlelwano obuphakathi ne-strontium. Isakhiwo se-Rb-Sr (Isithombe 7) sibonisa ukuhlangana phakathi kwamathangi ohlobo lwe-strontium ne-Kongo D, kanye naphakathi kwamathangi ohlobo lwe-rubidium ne-Kongo A. Zombili i-Kindoki Group kanye ne-Kongo Type C ceramics zinciphile kuzo zombili izakhi. (Bheka futhi Okungeziwe 6, Izibalo S16-S19).
Idatha ye-XRF. Isakhiwo se-scatter Rb-Sr, amasampula akhethwe ezitsheni ze-Congo Kingdom, afakwe umbala ngokweqembu lohlobo. Igrafu ikhombisa ukuhlobana phakathi kwethangi lohlobo lwe-Kongo D ne-strontium kanye naphakathi kwethangi lohlobo lwe-Kongo A ne-rubidium.
Isampula emele evela kuMbanza Kongo ihlaziywe yi-ICP-MS ukuze kutholakale ukwakheka kwe-trace element kanye ne-trace element, kanye nokufunda ukusatshalaliswa kwamaphethini e-REE phakathi kwamaqembu ohlobo. Izakhi zokulandelela kanye ne-trace zichazwe kabanzi ku-Appendix 7, Ithebula S2. Amasampula ohlobo lwe-Kongo A kanye namasampula ohlobo lwe-Kongo D MBK_S.7, MBK_S.16, kanye ne-MBK_S.25 acebile nge-thorium. Amathini ohlobo lwe-Kongo A aveza amazinga aphezulu e-zinc futhi acebile nge-rubidium, kuyilapho amathini ohlobo lwe-Kongo D ebonisa amazinga aphezulu e-strontium, okuqinisekisa imiphumela ye-XRF (Isithasiselo 7, Izibalo S21–S23). Isakhiwo se-La/Yb-Sm/Yb sibonisa ukuhlangana futhi sibonisa okuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-lanthanum kusampula ye-Kongo D-tank (Isithombe 8).
Idatha ye-ICP-MS. Isakhiwo sokuhlakazeka se-La/Yb-Sm/Yb, amasampula akhethiwe avela esigodini saseCongo Kingdom, afakwe umbala ngokweqembu lohlobo. Isampula yohlobo C lwaseKongo i-MBK_S.14 ayiboniswanga esithombeni.
Ama-REE ajwayelekile yi-NASC47 aboniswa ngesimo sezindawo zesicabucabu (Isithombe 9). Imiphumela ibonise ukucebisa izinto zomhlaba ezingavamile (ama-LREE), ikakhulukazi kumasampula avela emathangini ohlobo lwe-Kongo A nohlobo lwe-D. Uhlobo lwe-Kongo C lubonise ukuguquguquka okuphezulu. I-positive europium anomaly iyisici sohlobo lwe-Kongo D, kanti i-cerium anomaly ephezulu iyisici sohlobo lwe-Kongo A.
Kulesi sifundo, sihlole isethi yezinto zobumba ezivela ezindaweni ezintathu zemivubukulo zase-Afrika Ephakathi ezihlotshaniswa noMbuso waseCongo ezingamalungu amaqembu ahlukene ezinhlobo, okungukuthi amaqembu aseJindoki naseCongo. Iqembu laseJinduomu limelela isikhathi sangaphambilini (isikhathi sombuso wokuqala) futhi likhona kuphela endaweni yemivubukulo yaseJinduomu. Iqembu laseKongo—izinhlobo A, C, kanye no-D—likhona ezindaweni ezintathu zemivubukulo ngesikhathi esisodwa. Umlando weQembu laseKing Kong ungalandelelwa emuva enkathini yombuso. Limelela inkathi yokuxhumana neYurophu nokushintshana ngezimpahla ngaphakathi nangaphandle koMbuso waseCongo, njengoba bekulokhu kunjalo amakhulu eminyaka. Iminwe yokwakheka kwesakhiwo kanye nokuthungwa kwamatshe yatholakala kusetshenziswa indlela yokuhlaziya eminingi. Lesi yisikhathi sokuqala i-Afrika Ephakathi isebenzisa isivumelwano esinjalo.
Iminwe yeKindoki Group ehambisanayo yokwakheka kanye nesakhiwo samatshe ikhomba imikhiqizo eyingqayizivele yeKindoki. Iqembu leKindoki lingase lihlobane nesikhathi lapho iNsondi yayiyisifundazwe esizimele seSeven Congo dia Nlaza28,29. Ukuba khona kwe-talc kanye ne-vermiculite (umkhiqizo ophansi wokushisa kwe-talc) kuJinduoji Group kusikisela ukusetshenziswa kwezinto zokusetshenziswa zasendaweni, njengoba i-talc ikhona ku-geological matrix yesayithi leJinduoji, ku-Schisto-Calcaire Formation 39,40. Izici zendwangu zalolu hlobo lwembiza ezibonwa ukuhlaziywa kokuthungwa zikhomba ekucutshungulweni kwezinto zokusetshenziswa ezingathuthukisiwe.
Izimbiza zohlobo lwe-Kongo A zibonise ukuhlukahluka kokwakheka ngaphakathi nangaphakathi kwesiza. I-Mbanza Kongo ne-Kindoki ziphezulu ngama-potassium ne-calcium oxides, kanti i-Ngongo Mbata iphezulu nge-magnesium. Kodwa-ke, ezinye izici ezivamile ziyazihlukanisa kwamanye amaqembu ezinhlobo. Zihlala zifana kakhulu endwangu, ziphawulwe yi-mica paste. Ngokungafani nohlobo lwe-Kongo C, zibonisa okuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-feldspar, i-amphibole kanye ne-iron oxide. Okuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-mica kanye nokuba khona kwe-tremolite amphibole kuyawahlukanisa ne-Kongo D-type basin, lapho kutholakala khona i-actinolite amphibole.
Uhlobo C lwaseKongo luphinde luveze izinguquko ku-mineralogy kanye nokwakheka kwamakhemikhali kanye nezici zendwangu zezindawo ezintathu zemivubukulo kanye naphakathi kwazo. Lokhu kuhlukahluka kubangelwa ukuxhashazwa kwanoma yimiphi imithombo yezinto zokusetshenziswa etholakalayo eduze kwendawo ngayinye yokukhiqiza/yokusetshenziswa. Kodwa-ke, ukufana kwesitayela kutholakale ngaphezu kokulungiswa kobuchwepheshe bendawo.
Uhlobo lwe-Kongo D luhlobene kakhulu nokugcwala okuphezulu kwama-titanium oxides, okubangelwa ukuba khona kwamaminerali e-ilmenite (Isengezo 6, Umfanekiso S20). Okuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-manganese kwezinhlayiya ze-ilmenite ezihlaziyiwe kuzihlanganisa ne-manganese ilmenite (Umfanekiso 10), ukwakheka okuyingqayizivele okuhambisana nokwakheka kwe-kimberlite48,49. Ukuba khona kwamadwala ase-Cretaceous continental sedimentary—umthombo we-diphozithi yedayimane yesibili ngemva kokuguguleka kwamashubhu e-kimberlite angaphambi kwe-Cretaceous42—kanye nensimu ye-Kimberlite ebikwayo ye-Kimberlite eLower Congo43 kusikisela ukuthi indawo ebanzi ye-Ngongo Mbata ingaba uMthombo wezinto zokusetshenziswa zaseCongo (DRC) zokukhiqizwa kwezitsha zobumba zohlobo lwe-D. Lokhu kusekelwa kakhulu ukutholakala kwe-ilmenite kusampula eyodwa yohlobo lwe-Kongo A kanye nesampula eyodwa yohlobo lwe-Kongo C endaweni yaseNgongo Mbata.
Idatha ye-VP-SEM-EDS. Isakhiwo sokusabalala se-MgO-MnO, amasampula akhethiwe avela ku-Mbanza Kongo (MBK), Kindoki (KDK) kanye ne-Ngongo Mbata (NBC) anezinhlamvu ze-ilmenite ezitholakele, okubonisa i-ferromanganese ye-manganese-titanium esekelwe ocwaningweni lukaKaminsky noBelousova i-Mine (Mn-ilmenites).
Ukungalingani okuhle kwe-Europium okubonwe kumodi ye-REE yethangi lohlobo lwe-Kongo D (bheka Isithombe 9), ikakhulukazi kumasampula anezinhlamvu ze-ilmenite ezitholakele (isb., i-MBK_S.4, i-MBK_S.5, kanye ne-MBK_S.24), okungenzeka kuhlotshaniswa namadwala e-ultrabasic igneous acebile nge-anorthite kanye nokugcina i-Eu2+. Lokhu kusatshalaliswa kwe-REE kungachaza nokuhlushwa okuphezulu kwe-strontium okutholakala kumasampula ohlobo lwe-Kongo D (bheka Isithombe 6) ngoba i-strontium ithatha indawo ye-calcium50 ku-lattice yamaminerali ye-Ca. Okuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-lanthanum (Isithombe 8) kanye nokucebisa okujwayelekile kwama-LREE (Isithombe 9) kungabangelwa amadwala e-ultrabasic igneous njengezakhiwo ze-geological ezifana ne-kimberlite51.
Izici ezikhethekile zokwakheka kwezimbiza ezimise okwe-D zaseKongo zizixhumanisa nomthombo othize wezinto zokusetshenziswa zemvelo, kanye nokufana kokwakheka kwalolu hlobo phakathi kwezindawo, okubonisa isikhungo sokukhiqiza esiyingqayizivele sezimbiza ezimise okwe-D zaseKongo. Ngaphezu kokucaciswa kokwakheka, ukusatshalaliswa kosayizi wezinhlayiya ezithambile zohlobo lwe-Kongo D kuphumela ezintweni ze-ceramic eziqinile kakhulu futhi kubonisa ukucutshungulwa kwezinto zokusetshenziswa ezihlosiwe kanye nolwazi oluthuthukisiwe lobuchwepheshe ekukhiqizweni kwezimbiza zobumba52. Lesi sici siyingqayizivele futhi sisekela ngokwengeziwe ukuchazwa kwalolu hlobo njengomkhiqizo oqondiswe eqenjini elithile labasebenzisi abakhethekile35. Ngokuphathelene nalokhu kukhiqizwa, uClist et al29 basikisela ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi kwakuwumphumela wokuxhumana phakathi kwabenzi bamathayela basePortugal nababumbi baseCongo, njengoba ulwazi olunjalo lwalungakaze lubonwe ngesikhathi sombuso nangaphambili.
Ukungabikho kwezigaba zamaminerali ezisanda kwakheka kumasampula avela kuzo zonke izinhlobo zamaqembu kusikisela ukusetshenziswa kokushisa okuphansi (<950 °C), okuhambisana nezifundo ze-ethnoarchaeological ezenziwe kule ndawo53,54.Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukungabikho kwe-hematite nombala omnyama wezinye izingcezu zobumba kubangelwa ukudubula okuncishisiwe noma ukudubula ngemva kokudubula4,55.Izifundo ze-ethnographic endaweni zibonise izakhiwo zokucubungula ngemva komlilo ngesikhathi sokukhiqiza izitsha zobumba55.Imibala emnyama, etholakala kakhulu ezitsheni ezibunjwe ngo-D zaseKongo, ingahlotshaniswa nabasebenzisi abaqondiwe njengengxenye yokuhlobisa kwabo okucebile.Idatha ye-ethnographic kumongo obanzi wase-Afrika isekela lesi simangalo, njengoba izimbiza ezimnyama zivame ukubhekwa njengezincazelo ezithile ezingokomfanekiso.
Ukuhlushwa okuphansi kwe-calcium kumasampula, ukungabikho kwama-carbonate kanye/noma izigaba zawo zamaminerali ezisanda kwakheka kubangelwa uhlobo olungenalo i-calcareous lwe-ceramics57. Lo mbuzo uthakazelisa kakhulu amasampula acebile nge-talc (ikakhulukazi i-Kindoki Group kanye ne-Kongo Type C basin) ngoba kokubili i-carbonate ne-talc zikhona ku-carbonate-argillaceous assemblage yendawo-Neoproterozoic Schisto-Calcaire Group42,43 Mutually. Ukutholwa ngamabomu kwezinhlobo ezithile zezinto zokusetshenziswa ezivela ekwakhekeni okufanayo kwe-geological kubonisa ulwazi oluthuthukisiwe lobuchwepheshe oluhlobene nokuziphatha okungafanele kobumba be-calcareous lapho kushiswa emazingeni okushisa aphansi.
Ngaphezu kokwehlukahluka kwesakhiwo sezinto zobumba zaseKongo C ngaphakathi nangaphakathi kwensimu kanye nesakhiwo samatshe, isidingo esikhulu sokusetshenziswa kwezitsha zokupheka sisivumele ukuthi sibeke ukukhiqizwa kwezinto zobumba zaseKongo C ezingeni lomphakathi. Noma kunjalo, okuqukethwe yi-quartz kumasampula amaningi ohlobo lwe-Kongo C kusikisela izinga lokuvumelana ekukhiqizweni kwezinto zobumba embusweni. Kubonisa ukukhethwa ngokucophelela kwezinto zobumba kanye nolwazi oluthuthukisiwe lobuchwepheshe oluhlobene nomsebenzi ofanele futhi ofanele we-Quartz Temper Cooking Pot58. Izinto zobumba zaseQuartz nezingenayo i-calcium zibonisa ukuthi ukukhethwa kanye nokucubungula izinto zobumba nakho kuncike ezidingweni zokusebenza kobuchwepheshe.