Ixhumanisa abenzi bezinqumo nenethiwekhi enamandla yolwazi, abantu kanye nemibono, iBloomberg iletha ulwazi lwebhizinisi kanye nezezimali, izindaba kanye nokuqonda emhlabeni jikelele ngesivinini nangokunemba
Ixhumanisa abenzi bezinqumo nenethiwekhi enamandla yolwazi, abantu kanye nemibono, iBloomberg iletha ulwazi lwebhizinisi kanye nezezimali, izindaba kanye nokuqonda emhlabeni jikelele ngesivinini nangokunemba
I-PepsiCo ne-Coca-Cola bazibophezele ekutheni ngeke kukhishwe ukukhishwa kwegesi emashumini eminyaka ambalwa ezayo, kodwa ukuze bafeze imigomo yabo, badinga ukubhekana nenkinga abasize ekuyidaleni: amazinga okusebenzisa kabusha amabi kakhulu e-United States.
Lapho iCoca-Cola, iPepsi kanye noKeurig Dr Pepper bebala ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni kwabo ngo-2020, imiphumela yayimangalisa: Izinkampani ezintathu ezinkulu zeziphuzo ezibandayo emhlabeni zihlangene zakhipha amathani ayizigidi ezingu-121 zamagesi e-endothermic emkhathini - okwenza isimo sezulu sadlula sonke indawo yaseBelgium.
Manje, izinkampani ezinkulu ze-soda zithembisa ukuthuthukisa kakhulu isimo sezulu. I-Pepsi ne-Coca-Cola zifunge ukuthi azikhiphi ukukhishwa kwegesi emkhathini eminyakeni embalwa ezayo, kanti uDkt. Pepper uthembise ukunciphisa ukungcola kwesimo sezulu okungenani ngo-15% ngo-2030.
Kodwa ukuze benze intuthuko enenjongo emigomweni yabo yesimo sezulu, izinkampani zeziphuzo kudingeka ziqale zinqobe inkinga eyingozi ezisize ekuyidaleni: amazinga aphansi okusebenzisa kabusha e-United States.
Ngokumangazayo, ukukhiqizwa kwamabhodlela epulasitiki ngobuningi kungenye yezinto ezinegalelo elikhulu embonini yeziphuzo. Iningi lamapulasitiki yi-polyethylene terephthalate, noma "i-PET," izingxenye zayo zithathwe ku-oyili negesi yemvelo bese zidlula ezinqubweni eziningi ezisebenzisa amandla amaningi.
Njalo ngonyaka, izinkampani zeziphuzo zaseMelika zikhiqiza amabhodlela epulasitiki angaba yizigidigidi eziyi-100 ukuze zithengise ama-soda azo, amanzi, iziphuzo zamandla kanye namajusi. Emhlabeni jikelele, iNkampani yeCoca-Cola yodwa ikhiqize amabhodlela epulasitiki ayizigidigidi eziyi-125 ngonyaka odlule—cishe angu-4,000 ngomzuzwana. Ukukhiqizwa nokulahlwa kwale pulasitiki efana neqhwa kuhlanganisa amaphesenti angama-30 e-carbon footprint yeCoca-Cola, noma cishe amathani ayizigidi eziyi-15 ngonyaka. Lokho kufana nokungcola kwesimo sezulu okuvela kwesinye sezikhungo zamandla ezisebenzisa amalahle ezingcolile kakhulu.
Kuholela nasekuchithekeni okumangalisayo. Ngokusho kweNational Association of PET Container Resources (NAPCOR), ngo-2020, amabhodlela e-PET angu-26.6% kuphela e-United States azophinde asetshenziswe, kanti amanye azoshiswa, abekwe ezindaweni zokulahla udoti noma alahlwe njengemfucuza. Kwezinye izingxenye zezwe, isimo sibi nakakhulu. EMiami-Dade County, isifunda esinabantu abaningi eFlorida, ibhodlela lepulasitiki elilodwa kuphela kwayi-100 eliphinde lisetshenziswe. Sekukonke, izinga lokusebenzisa kabusha i-US belingaphansi kuka-30% eminyakeni eminingi edlule engu-20, lingaphansi kakhulu kwamanye amazwe amaningi njengeLithuania (90%), iSweden (86%) kanye neMexico (53%). "I-US iyizwe elichitha kakhulu," kusho u-Elizabeth Barkan, umqondisi wemisebenzi yaseNyakatho Melika eReloop Platform, inhlangano engenzi nzuzo elwa nokungcola kokupakisha.
Konke lokhu kuchitha kuyithuba elikhulu elilahlekile ngesimo sezulu. Lapho amabhodlela e-soda epulasitiki esetshenziswa kabusha, aphenduka izinto ezintsha ezahlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa amakhaphethi, izingubo, izitsha zokulethwa, ngisho namabhodlela amasha e-soda. Ngokusho kokuhlaziywa yinkampani eluleka ngemfucuza eqinile iFranklin Associates, amabhodlela e-PET enziwe ngepulasitiki esetshenziswa kabusha akhiqiza amaphesenti angama-40 kuphela amagesi okuvimba ukushisa akhiqizwa amabhodlela enziwe ngepulasitiki engeyona eyemvelo.
Njengoba zibona ithuba elihle lokunciphisa izinyathelo zazo, izinkampani zeziphuzo ezibandayo zithembisa ukusebenzisa ama-PET asetshenziswe kabusha emabhodleleni azo. I-Coca-Cola, i-Dr Pepper kanye ne-Pepsi bazibophezele ekuthengeni ingxenye yesine yamaphakheji abo epulasitiki ngezinto ezisetshenziswe kabusha ngo-2025, kanti i-Coca-Cola kanye ne-Pepsi bazibophezele ekutholeni amaphesenti angu-50 ngo-2030. (Namuhla, i-Coca-Cola ingu-13.6%, i-Keurig Dr Pepper Inc. ingu-11% kanti i-PepsiCo ingu-6%.)
Kodwa irekhodi elibi lezwe lokusebenzisa kabusha lisho ukuthi awekho amabhodlela anele atholakale ukuze izinkampani zeziphuzo zifinyelele imigomo yazo. I-NAPCOR ilinganisela ukuthi izinga lokusebenzisa kabusha lase-US elihlala isikhathi eside kudingeka liphindwe kabili ngo-2025 futhi liphindwe kabili ngo-2030 ukuze lihlinzeke ngokutholakala okwanele kwezibopho zemboni. "Isici esibaluleke kakhulu ukutholakala kwamabhodlela," kusho u-Alexandra Tennant, isazi sokusetshenziswa kabusha kwepulasitiki eWood Mackenzie Ltd.
Kodwa imboni yeziphuzo ezithambile ngokwayo iyona ebangela ukushoda. Le mboni ibilokhu ilwa kanzima amashumi eminyaka ngeziphakamiso zokwandisa ukuvuselelwa kwezitsha. Isibonelo, kusukela ngo-1971, izifundazwe eziyi-10 zikhiphe umthetho obizwa ngokuthi ama-bottleling bills afaka idiphozithi engu-5-cent noma engu-10-cent ezitsheni zeziphuzo. Amakhasimende akhokha imali eyengeziwe kusengaphambili futhi athole imali yawo uma ebuyisela ibhodlela. Ukwazisa izitsha ezingenalutho kuholela emazingeni aphezulu okuvuselelwa: Ngokusho kwenhlangano engenzi nzuzo i-Container Recycling Institute, amabhodlela e-PET aphinde asetshenziswe ngamaphesenti angu-57 ezifundazweni ezisebenzisa ibhodlela elilodwa kanye namaphesenti angu-17 kwezinye izifundazwe.
Naphezu kwempumelelo yayo esobala, izinkampani zeziphuzo bezisebenzisana nezinye izimboni, njengezitolo zokudla kanye nabathuthi bemfucuza, amashumi eminyaka ukuze zisuse iziphakamiso ezifanayo kwezinye izifundazwe eziningi, zithi izinhlelo zokufaka imali ziyisixazululo esingasebenzi, futhi ziyintela engafanele evimbela ukuthengiswa kwemikhiqizo yayo futhi ilimaza umnotho. Selokhu iHawaii yaphasisa umthethosivivinywa wayo wokufaka amabhodlela ngo-2002, asikho isiphakamiso sikahulumeni esisindile ekuphikisweni okunjalo. “Kubanika izinga elisha lomthwalo wemfanelo abawugwemile kulezi zifundazwe ezingu-40,” kusho uJudith Enck, umongameli we-Beyond Plastics kanye nowayengumphathi wesifunda we-US Environmental Protection Agency.”Abafuni nje izindleko ezengeziwe.”
I-Coca-Cola, i-Pepsi kanye noDkt. Pepper bonke bathe ngezimpendulo ezibhaliwe ukuthi bazimisele ngokuqamba izinto ezintsha zokupakisha ukuze kuncishiswe imfucuza futhi kuphinde kusetshenziswe izitsha eziningi. Ngenkathi izikhulu zemboni zivuma ukuthi beziphikisana nomthethosivivinywa wokufaka amabhodlela iminyaka eminingi, zithi zishintshe indlela futhi zivulekele zonke izixazululo ezingaba khona zokufeza imigomo yazo. “Sisebenzisana nabalingani bezemvelo kanye nabameli ezweni lonke abavumelana ngokuthi isimo samanje asamukeleki futhi singenza kangcono,” kusho uWilliam DeMaudie, iphini likamongameli wezindaba zomphakathi we-American Beverage Industry Group, esitatimendeni esibhaliwe i-Say.
Kodwa-ke, abenzi bomthetho abaningi abasebenza ukubhekana nenkinga ekhulayo yemfucuza yepulasitiki basabhekana nokuphikiswa yimboni yeziphuzo. “Lokho abakushoyo yilokho abakushoyo,” kusho uSarah Love, ummeleli weSishayamthetho saseMaryland. Muva nje wethule umthetho wokukhuthaza ukuvuselelwa kabusha ngokufaka idiphozithi yamasenti ayi-10 emabhodleleni eziphuzo.” Babephikisana nakho, babengakufuni. Esikhundleni salokho, benze lezi zithembiso zokuthi akekho ozobajezisa.”
Cishe ingxenye yesine yamabhodlela epulasitiki aphinde asetshenziswe e-US, apakishwe ngamabhele aboshwe ngokuqinile, ngalinye lingangemoto encane, bese lithunyelwa efektri eVernon, eCalifornia, kuyinto engcolile. Izindawo ezisemadolobheni asezimbonini ziqhele ngamakhilomitha amaningi ukusuka ezakhiweni eziphakeme ezikhazimulayo zedolobha laseLos Angeles.
Lapha, esakhiweni esikhulu esinomgodi olingana ne-hangar yendiza, i-rPlanet Earth ithola amabhodlela e-PET asetshenzisiwe angaba yizigidigidi ezimbili minyaka yonke ezinhlelweni zokuvuselela kabusha kulo lonke izwe. Phakathi komsindo omkhulu wezinjini zezimboni, amabhodlela ayeduma njengoba egxuma ibanga elingamakhilomitha amathathu kwezine emabhandeni okuhambisa futhi edlula ezimbonini, lapho ayehlungwa khona, aqotshwe, agezwe futhi ancibilikiswe. Ngemva kwamahora angaba ngu-20, ipulasitiki ephinde yasetshenziswa yafika ngesimo sezinkomishi ezintsha, izitsha zokuhlanza, noma “izinto ezisetshenziswa ngaphambili,” izitsha ezilingana ne-test tube ezafuthwa kamuva emabhodleleni epulasitiki.
Egumbini lemihlangano elinokhaphethi elibheke phansi elikhulu nelingenazo izinto eziningi efektri, i-CEO ye-rPlanet Earth uBob Daviduk uthe inkampani ithengisa ama-preform ayo ezinkampanini ezifaka amabhodlela, asetshenziswa yilezi zinkampani ukupakisha izinhlobo ezinkulu zeziphuzo. Kodwa wenqabile ukubiza amakhasimende athile, ewabiza ngolwazi lwebhizinisi olubucayi.
Selokhu eqalise lesi sitshalo ngo-2019, uDavid Duke uxoxe esidlangalaleni ngesifiso sakhe sokwakha okungenani ezinye izindawo ezintathu zokuvuselela ipulasitiki kwezinye izindawo e-United States. Kodwa isitshalo ngasinye sibiza cishe amaRandi ayizigidi ezingama-200, kanti i-rPlanet Earth ayikakakhethi indawo yesitshalo sayo esilandelayo. Inselele enkulu ukuthi ukuntuleka kwamabhodlela epulasitiki asetshenzisiwe kwenza kube nzima ukuthola ukunikezwa okuthembekile nokungabizi. "Leso yisithiyo esikhulu," esho. "Sidinga izinto ezengeziwe."
Izithembiso zemboni yeziphuzo zingase zingaphumeleli ngaphambi kokuba kwakhiwe amanye amafektri amaningi. “Sisenkingeni enkulu,” kusho u-Omar Abuaita, isikhulu esiphezulu se-Evergreen Recycling, esisebenza ezitshalweni ezine eNyakatho Melika futhi siguqula amabhodlela e-PET asetshenzisiwe ayizigidigidi eziyi-11 minyaka yonke abe yi-resin yepulasitiki ephinde yasetshenziswa, iningi lawo eligcina lisebhodleleni elisha. “Uzitholaphi izinto zokusetshenziswa ozidingayo?”
Amabhodlela eziphuzo ezibandayo awadalelwanga ukuba yinkinga enkulu yesimo sezulu njengoba enjalo namuhla. Ekhulwini leminyaka elidlule, abathengisi bamabhodlela beCoca-Cola basungula uhlelo lokuqala lokufaka imali, bekhokhisa isenti noma amabili ngebhodlela lengilazi. Amakhasimende athola imali yawo uma ebuyisela ibhodlela esitolo.
Ngasekupheleni kwawo-1940, izinga lokubuyiselwa kwamabhodlela eziphuzo ezibandayo e-United States laliphezulu njengo-96%. Ngokusho kwencwadi kaBartow J. Elmore, isazi-mlando sezemvelo sase-Ohio State University, i-Citizen Coke, isilinganiso senani lokuya nokubuya lebhodlela lengilazi le-Coca-Cola kusukela kumuntu ofaka ibhodlela kuya kumthengi kuya komunye ofaka ibhodlela phakathi naleyo minyaka eyishumi sasiphindwe izikhathi ezingu-22.
Lapho i-Coca-Cola kanye nabanye abakhiqizi beziphuzo ezibandayo beqala ukushintshela kumathini ensimbi nawe-aluminium ngawo-1960—futhi, kamuva, amabhodlela epulasitiki, atholakala kabanzi namuhla—ubhubhane lwemfucuza olwaba khona lwabangela ukungezwani. Sekuyiminyaka eminingi, abakhankasi bekhuthaza abathengi ukuba bathumele izitsha zabo zesoda ezingenalutho kusihlalo we-Coca-Cola nomyalezo othi “Yibuyisele futhi uyisebenzise futhi!”
Izinkampani zokuphuza utshwala zalwa ngencwadi yokudlala eyayizoba yazo amashumi eminyaka ezayo. Esikhundleni sokuthatha umthwalo wemfanelo wenani elikhulu lemfucuza elihambisana nokuthuthela kwazo ezitsheni ezisetshenziswa kanye, zisebenze kanzima ukudala umbono wokuthi kungumthwalo wemfanelo womphakathi. Isibonelo, iCoca-Cola yaqala umkhankaso wesikhangiso ekuqaleni kwawo-1970 owabonisa owesifazane osemusha omuhle egoba ukuze athathe udoti. “Goba kancane,” kunxusa elinye ibhodi elikhulu elinombhalo ogqamile. “Gcina iMelika iluhlaza futhi ihlanzekile.”
Imboni ihlanganise lowo myalezo nokuphikisana nomthetho ozama ukubhekana nokudideka okukhula. Ngo-1970, abavoti esifundazweni saseWashington bacishe baphasisa umthetho ovimbela amabhodlela angabuyiswa, kodwa balahlekelwa amavoti abo ngenxa yokuphikiswa kwabenzi beziphuzo. Ngemva konyaka, i-Oregon yashaya umthethosivivinywa wokuqala wamabhodlela wesizwe, yandisa idiphozithi yamabhodlela angu-5 cent, futhi ummeli jikelele wesifundazwe wamangala ngesiphithiphithi sezepolitiki: “Angikaze ngibone izintshisekelo eziningi kangaka ezimelene nokucindezelwa okungaka okuvela kumuntu oyedwa. Izikweletu,” esho.
Ngo-1990, iCoca-Cola yamemezela ukuzibophezela kokuqala kweziningi zenkampani yeziphuzo ukwandisa ukusetshenziswa kwepulasitiki ephinde yasetshenziswa ezitsheni zayo, phakathi kokukhathazeka okwandayo mayelana nokuchitheka kwemfucuza. Ithembise ukuthengisa amabhodlela enziwe ngezinto eziphinde zasetshenziswa ezingama-25% - inani elifanayo ethembise lona namuhla, futhi inkampani yeziphuzo ezibandayo manje ithi izofinyelela kulelo thagethi ngo-2025, cishe eminyakeni engama-35 kamuva kunethagethi yokuqala yeCoca-Cola.
Le nkampani yeziphuzo ikhiphe izithembiso ezintsha ezingaphumelelanga njalo eminyakeni embalwa ngemuva kokuba iCoca-Cola yehlulekile ukufeza imigomo yayo yokuqala, ikhomba izindleko eziphakeme zepulasitiki esetshenzisiwe. ICoca-Cola yathembisa ngo-2007 ukuphinda isebenzise noma ukusebenzisa kabusha amaphesenti ayi-100 amabhodlela ayo e-PET e-US, kanti iPepsiCo yathi ngo-2010 izokwandisa izinga lokuphinda isebenzise amabhodlela eziphuzo ase-US liye kumaphesenti angama-50 ngo-2018. Izinhloso ziqinisekisile izishoshovu futhi zathola ukusakazwa okuhle kwabezindaba, kodwa ngokusho kwe-NAPCOR, amazinga okuphinda isebenzise amabhodlela e-PET awakanciphi, enyuka kancane kusuka ku-24.6% ngo-2007 kuya ku-29.1% ngo-2010 kuya ku-26.6% ngo-2020. "Enye yezinto abanekhono lokuphinde isebenzise kabusha ukukhishwa kwabezindaba," kusho uSusan Collins, umqondisi we-Container Recycling Institute.
Izikhulu zeCoca-Cola zithe esitatimendeni esibhaliwe ukuthi iphutha labo lokuqala “lisinika ithuba lokufunda” nokuthi banokuzethemba kokufeza imigomo yesikhathi esizayo. Ithimba labo lokuthenga manje libambe “umhlangano wemephu yendlela” ukuze lihlaziye ukuhlinzekwa komhlaba wonke kwe-PET ephinde yasetshenziswa, abathi kuzobasiza baqonde imingcele futhi bathuthukise uhlelo. I-PepsiCo ayizange iphendule imibuzo mayelana nezithembiso zayo ezingagcwalisekanga ngaphambilini, kodwa izikhulu zithe esitatimendeni esibhaliwe ukuthi “izoqhubeka nokuqhuba ukusungula izinto ezintsha ekupakisheni nasekukhuthazeni izinqubomgomo ezihlakaniphile eziqhuba ukujikeleza nokunciphisa imfucuza.”
Ukuvukela okuthathe amashumi eminyaka embonini yeziphuzo kubonakala sengathi kuzophela ngo-2019. Njengoba izinkampani zeziphuzo ezibandayo zibeka imigomo ekhulayo yokushintshashintsha kwesimo sezulu, akunakwenzeka ukungazinaki ukukhishwa kwegesi okuvela ekusetshenzisweni kwazo okukhulu kwepulasitiki engeyona eyemvelo. Esitatimendeni esathunyelwa kwi-New York Times ngalowo nyaka, i-American Beverages yasikisela okokuqala ukuthi ingase izimisele ukusekela inqubomgomo yokufaka imali ezitsheni.
Ezinyangeni ezimbalwa kamuva, uKatherine Lugar, i-CEO ye-American Beverages, waphinda wakhuluma enkulumweni yakhe engqungqutheleni yemboni yokupakisha, ememezela ukuthi imboni yayiqeda indlela yayo yokulwa nomthetho onjalo. “Uzozwa amazwi ahlukene kakhulu avela embonini yethu,” efunga. Nakuba bebephikisana nezindleko zokufaka amabhodlela esikhathini esidlule, wachaza, “ngeke nisizwe ‘cha’ ngokuphelele manje.” Izinkampani zokuphuza utshwala zibeka ‘imigomo eqinile’ yokunciphisa ukuthinteka kwazo kwemvelo, zidinga ukuphinda zisebenzise amabhodlela amaningi.” Konke kudinga ukuba setafuleni,” esho.
Njengokungathi bagcizelela indlela entsha, abaphathi beCoca-Cola, iPepsi, iDr. Pepper kanye ne-American Beverage babuthana ndawonye esiteji esakhiwe yifulegi laseMelika ngo-Okthoba 2019. Lapho bamemezela khona "umzamo omusha ophumelelayo" obizwa ngokuthi "Every Bottle" emuva. Izinkampani zathembisa u-$100 million eminyakeni eyishumi ezayo ukuthuthukisa izinhlelo zokuvuselela umphakathi kulo lonke elase-US. Imali izohambisana nenye imali engu-$300 million evela kubatshalizimali bangaphandle kanye noxhaso lukahulumeni. Lokhu kusekelwa "cishe ingxenye yesigidigidi" se-USD" kuzokhulisa ukuvuselelwa kwe-PET ngamakhilogremu ayizigidi ezingu-80 ngonyaka futhi kusize lezi zinkampani ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwazo kwepulasitiki engeyona eyemvelo.
I-American Beverage ikhiphe isikhangiso se-TV esihambisana naso esinabasebenzi abathathu abanamandla abagqoke iyunifomu ye-Coca-Cola, i-Pepsi kanye ne-Dr. Pepper bemi epaki eliluhlaza elizungezwe ama-fern nezimbali. “Amabhodlela ethu enzelwe ukwenziwa kabusha,” kusho isisebenzi se-Pepsi esijabule, enezela ngokuthi ulimi lwakhe lukhumbuza umlayezo wesikhathi eside wemboni womthwalo wemfanelo kumakhasimende: “Sicela usisize sithole wonke amabhodlela emuva.” Lesi sikhangiso semizuzwana engama-30, esaqala ngaphambi kwe-Super Bowl yangonyaka odlule, sesivele sivele izikhathi eziyi-1,500 kuthelevishini kazwelonke futhi sabiza cishe amaRandi ayizigidi ezi-5, ngokusho kwe-iSpot.tv, inkampani yokulinganisa izikhangiso ze-TV.
Naphezu kokushintsha kwenkulumo embonini, kuncane okwenziwe ukwandisa kakhulu inani lepulasitiki ephinde yasetshenziswa. Isibonelo, imboni ibeke imali mboleko kanye nezibonelelo ezingamaRandi ayizigidi ezingu-7.9 kuphela kuze kube manje, ngokusho kokuhlaziywa yiBloomberg Green okuhlanganisa izingxoxo nabaningi abathola imali.
Ngokuqinisekile, iningi lalaba abamukeli lijabule kakhulu ngalezi zimali. Lo mkhankaso unikeze iBig Bear, eCalifornia, engamakhilomitha ayi-166 empumalanga yeLos Angeles isibonelelo sika-$166,000, okusize ukuthi ikhokhele ingxenye yesine yezindleko zokuthuthukisa imizi engu-12,000 ibe yizimoto ezinkulu zokuvuselela. Phakathi kwemindeni esebenzisa lezi zinqola ezinkulu, amazinga okuvuselela akhuphuke cishe ngamaphesenti angu-50, ngokusho kukaJon Zamorano, umqondisi wemfucuza eqinile weBig Bear. “Bekuwusizo kakhulu,” kusho yena.
Uma izinkampani zeziphuzo ezibandayo bezizosabalalisa amaRandi ayizigidi eziyi-100 ngokwesilinganiso eminyakeni eyishumi, bekufanele ngabe sezisabalalise amaRandi ayizigidi ezingama-27 manje. Esikhundleni salokho, amaRandi ayizigidi eziyi-7.9 alingana nenzuzo ehlanganisiwe yezinkampani ezintathu zeziphuzo ezibandayo emahoreni amathathu.
Ngisho noma umkhankaso ungagcina ufinyelele umgomo wawo wokuvuselela ama-PET engeziwe angama-80 million pounds ngonyaka, uzokwandisa izinga lokuvuselela kabusha lase-US ngamaphesenti angaphezu kwelilodwa kuphela. “Uma befuna ngempela ukuthola wonke amabhodlela, faka idiphozithi kuwo wonke amabhodlela,” kusho uJudith Enck we-Beyond Plastics.
Kodwa imboni yeziphuzo iyaqhubeka nokulwa nezindleko eziningi zamabhodlela, yize isanda kuthi ivulekele lezi zixazululo. Kusukela enkulumweni kaLugar eminyakeni emibili nengxenye edlule, imboni ibambezele iziphakamiso ezifundazweni ezihlanganisa i-Illinois, iNew York neMassachusetts. Ngonyaka odlule, isazi semboni yeziphuzo sabhala phakathi kwabameli bezomthetho baseRhode Island sicabangela umthethosivivinywa kangangokuthi izindleko eziningi zokufaka amabhodlela “azinakubhekwa njengeziphumelelayo ngokwemiphumela yazo emvelweni.” (Lokhu ukugxekwa okungabazekayo, njengoba amabhodlela anediphozithi ebuyiselwa kaningi ngaphezu kwalawo angenayo idiphozithi.)
Kwesinye isigxeko ngonyaka odlule, isazi sezimboni zeziphuzo eMassachusetts saphikisana nesiphakamiso sokukhulisa idiphozithi yombuso isuka kumasenti ama-5 (okungashintshi kusukela yasungulwa eminyakeni engama-40 edlule) iye ku-dime eyodwa. Abasebenzi bezinkampani zeziphuzo baxwayise ngokuthi idiphozithi enkulu kangaka izodala umonakalo ngoba amazwe angomakhelwane anediphozithi ezimbalwa. Lokhu kungafani kuzokhuthaza amakhasimende ukuba awele umngcele ayothenga iziphuzo zawo, okubangela "umthelela omkhulu ekuthengisweni" kwabathengisi bamabhodlela eMassachusetts. (Lokho akusho ukuthi imboni yeziphuzo isize ekudaleni lesi sikhala esingenzeka ngokulwa neziphakamiso ezifanayo ezivela kulaba omakhelwane.)
I-Dermody of American Beverages ivikela inqubekela phambili yomkhakha. Ekhuluma ngomkhankaso we-Every Bottle Back, uthe, “Isibopho samaRandi ayizigidi eziyi-100 siyinto esiziqhenya kakhulu ngayo.” Wanezela ngokuthi sebevele bazibophezele kwamanye amadolobha amaningana angakamemezeli, njengoba lezo zivumelwano zingathatha isikhathi. “Ngezinye izikhathi kufanele udlule ezinkingeni eziningi kula maphrojekthi,” kusho uDeMaudie. Uma ufaka laba bantu abangememezelwe, babophezele isamba samaRandi ayizigidi eziyi-14.3 kumaphrojekthi angu-22 kuze kube manje, esho.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, uDermody uchaze ukuthi imboni ngeke isekele noma yiluphi uhlelo lokufaka imali kuphela; idinga ukwakheka kahle futhi ibe lula kubathengi. “Asiphikisani nokukhokhisa imali yamabhodlela ethu namathini ukuze sixhase uhlelo olusebenzayo,” esho. “Kodwa imali kufanele iye ohlelweni olusebenza ngendlela wonke umuntu afuna ngayo ukuze athole izinga eliphezulu lokutakula.”
Isibonelo esivame ukucashunwa nguDermody nabanye embonini uhlelo lwediphozithi lwase-Oregon, olushintshe kakhulu selokhu lwasungulwa eminyakeni engamashumi amahlanu edlule phakathi kokuphikiswa okuvela embonini yeziphuzo. Lolu hlelo manje luxhaswa futhi luqhutshwa ngabasabalalisi beziphuzo—i-American Beverage ithi iyayisekela le ndlela—futhi selufinyelele izinga lokululama elicishe libe ngamaphesenti angama-90, eliseduze nelingcono kakhulu esizweni.
Kodwa isizathu esikhulu sezinga eliphezulu lokutakula e-Oregon yidiphozithi yalolu hlelo yamasenti ayi-10, ehambisana neMichigan njengenkulu kunazo zonke ezweni. I-American Beverage ayikakazwakalisi ukusekela iziphakamiso zokudala amadiphozithi amasenti ayi-10 kwenye indawo, kufaka phakathi eyodwa eyenziwe ngendlela yohlelo oluthandwa yimboni.
Ngokwesibonelo, cabanga ngomthethosivivinywa wokufaka amabhodlela kahulumeni ofakwe kuMthetho Wokuphuma Kwepulasitiki, ophakanyiswe nguMmeli waseCalifornia u-Alan Lowenthal kanye noSenator wase-Oregon uJeff Merkley. Lo mthetho ulandela ngokuziqhenya imodeli yase-Oregon, okuhlanganisa idiphozithi yamasenti ayi-10 yamabhodlela ngenkathi uvumela amabhizinisi azimele ukuthi aqhube uhlelo lokuqoqa. Ngenkathi uDermody ethi imboni yeziphuzo yayifinyelela kubameli bomthetho, ayizange iyisekele le nqubo.
Kubantu abambalwa abasebenzisa kabusha ipulasitiki abaguqula amabhodlela amadala e-PET abe amasha, lesi sixazululo siyimpendulo esobala. UDavid Duke we-rPlanet Earth uthe idiphozithi yezwe engu-10-cent-ngebhodlela izocishe iphindwe kathathu inani lamabhodlela asetshenziswa kabusha. Ukwanda okukhulu kwepulasitiki esetshenziswa kabusha kuzokhuthaza izitshalo eziningi zokusebenzisa kabusha ukuthi zixhaswe futhi zakhiwe. Lezi zimboni zizokhiqiza amabhodlela adingeka kakhulu enziwe ngepulasitiki esetshenziswa kabusha - okuvumela izinkampani ezinkulu zeziphuzo ukuthi zinciphise ithonya lekhabhoni yazo.
“Akuyona inkimbinkimbi,” kusho uDavid Duke, ehamba phansi esikhungweni esikhulu sokuvuselela izinto ngaphandle kweLos Angeles. “Kudingeka unikeze lezi zitsha inani.”